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Using enzyme\u2010linked immunospot and cell proliferation assays, we found that supernatants of cultured splenocytes prepared from subcutaneously trypanosome\u2010inoculated rats and mice spleens obtained immediately after inoculation and added to naive cells significantly stimulate interferon\u2010\u03b3 production and cell proliferation compared to phosphate\u2010buffered saline\u2010inoculated animals. This action was abrogated by surgical denervation of the spleen. Using the fluorescent differential display technology, the gene involved in this process was identified and further cloned and its sequence was mapped to chromosome 14 (GenBank accession number:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"DDBJ\/EMBL\/GenBank\" xlink:href=\"EU552928\">EU552928<\/jats:ext-link>). Protein expression revealed \u223c15\u2009kDa molecule with biological activities similar to the cultured supernatants of splenocytes obtained directly from parasite\u2010inoculated animals. Antibodies raised against the protein blocked the activities of both the protein and the supernatant and also recognized a band in the active supernatant with the same molecular mass as the protein. Furthermore, the protein was able to reactivate experimentally immunosuppressed cells by regaining their ability to proliferate, suggesting that such a nervous system\u2010induced immune system\u2010released activating agent (ISRAA) may have a potential therapeutic benefit in immunocompromised situations and in further understanding the mechanism for innate immunity commencement and action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2008.57","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,9]],"date-time":"2008-09-09T09:42:30Z","timestamp":1220953350000},"page":"688-699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A novel nervous system\u2010induced factor inducing immune responses in the spleen"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Moiz","family":"Bakhiet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, HH Princess Al\u2010Jawhara Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases \u2013 College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, AGU 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