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The big four drugs of abuse that might lend themselves to immunotherapy are nicotine, cocaine, morphine\/heroin and methamphetamine. Tobacco abuse has a well\u2010known enormous impact on major chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, while the last three, aside from their neuropsychological effects, are illegal, leading to crime and incarceration as well as the transmission of viral diseases. Having an efficient vaccine that would generate antibodies to sequester the drug and prevent its access to the brain could go a long way toward helping a motivated addict quit the addiction. This review will discuss what has been done to bring such vaccines to human use, and what the challenges are for the future of this promising intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]],"date-time":"2009-03-31T11:30:55Z","timestamp":1238499055000},"page":"309-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Anti\u2010drug vaccines to treat substance abuse"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Berma M","family":"Kinsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center Houston TX USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne Parkville 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