{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T04:15:48Z","timestamp":1768277748595,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,21]],"date-time":"2010-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis, which is caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>, is one of the major health problems of the Indian subcontinent. Infected hosts have been reported to have impaired lymphoproliferation. However, the fate of anergic cells is still elusive. In the present investigation, <jats:italic>L. donovani\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected hamsters were used to study the mechanism of lymphocyte cell death. Lymph node\u2010derived lymphocytes were analysed for apoptotic death through mitochondrial abnormality, caspase activity and DNA degradation. The data demonstrate that the disease progression leads to a gradual impairment of lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of Concanavalin A. The fate of the anergic lymphocytes is intrinsic apoptosis, which is evident by the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytosolic release of cytochrome <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>, caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Tumour growth factor (TGF)\u2010\u03b2, which is secreted by macrophages, was significantly upregulated in the lymph node compartment of infected hamsters. Adding a neutralizing TGF\u2010\u03b2 antibody and a recombinant TGF\u2010\u03b2 resulted in the downregulation and induction of lymphocyte apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, it has been observed that TGF\u2010\u03b2 triggers the apoptotic death of lymphocytes through the upregulation of tyrosine phosphatase activity and that the use of sodium orthovanadate (Na<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>VO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) reduces the apoptotic frequency. Thus, this study clearly reports the novel involvement of tyrosine phosphatases in TGF\u2010\u03b2\u2010induced lymphocyte apoptosis in <jats:italic>Leishmania\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected hamsters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,21]],"date-time":"2010-09-21T09:42:10Z","timestamp":1285062130000},"page":"466-474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["TGF\u2010\u03b2\u2010regulated tyrosine phosphatases induce lymphocyte apoptosis in <i>Leishmania donovani\u2010<\/i>infected hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Rajdeep","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology, Rajendra memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan  Patna Bihar India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology, Rajendra memorial Research 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