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Yellow fever virus\u201017D and Dryvax are two such live\u2010virus vaccines that are highly efficacious, used worldwide and provide long\u2010term immunity against yellow fever and smallpox respectively. In this review, we describe the properties of virus\u2010specific memory CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells generated in smallpox and yellow fever vaccinees. We address fundamental questions regarding magnitude, functional quality and longevity of the CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell response, which are otherwise challenging to address in humans. These findings provide insights into the attributes of the human immune system as well as provide a benchmark for the optimal quality of a CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell response that can be used to evaluate novel candidate vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T10:45:22Z","timestamp":1297161922000},"page":"340-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Insights into human CD8<sup>+<\/sup> T\u2010cell memory using the yellow fever and smallpox vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Rafi","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center and the Hope Clinic  Atlanta GA USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rama 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