{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:12:01Z","timestamp":1788174721105,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP567122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP567122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A virus causes annual epidemics and sporadic pandemics, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccines are currently available; however, they induce a non\u2010strain\u2010cross protective humoral immune response directed against the rapidly mutating surface glycoproteins, and thus need to be updated annually. As T cells are directed against more conserved internal influenza proteins, a T\u2010cell\u2010based vaccine has the potential to induce long\u2010lasting and cross\u2010strain protective CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell immunity, and in that way minimize the severity of influenza infection. However, to rationally design such vaccines, we need to identify immunogenic T\u2010cell regions within the most antigenic viral proteins. In this study, we have used a systematic approach to identify immunodominant peptides in HLA\u2010A2\u2010negative donors. A broad range of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses were observed and 6\/7 donors had an immunodominant response against the relatively conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP). Dissecting the minimal epitope regions within the immunogenic NP led to the identification of six novel immunodominant epitopes, which include a 12\u2010mer and an 8\u2010mer peptides. The majority of immunodominant epitopes was clustered within the carboxyl terminal 2\/3 of the NP protein and were highly conserved. We also subjected NP to three common computer algorithms for epitope prediction and found that most of the novel epitopes would not have been predicted. Our study emphasizes the importance of using a systematic approach to identify immunodominant CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses and suggests that the epitope\u2010rich regions within NP present a promising target for the T\u2010cell\u2010mediated multi\u2010strain influenza vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.78","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T06:03:24Z","timestamp":1360649004000},"page":"184-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Nucleoprotein of influenza A virus is a major target of immunodominant CD8<sup>+<\/sup> T\u2010cell responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade Melbourne Victoria 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