{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:33:15Z","timestamp":1791189195838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]],"date-time":"2014-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000836","name":"University of Liverpool","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["097826\/Z\/11\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["097826\/Z\/11\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10SDG3140025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10SDG3140025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["USA R01AI065537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USA R01AI065537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is a highly prevalent intracellular protozoan parasite that causes severe disease in congenitally infected or immunocompromised hosts. <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> is capable of invading immune cells and it has been suggested that the parasite harnesses the migratory pathways of these cells to spread through the body. Although <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> evidence suggests that the parasite further enhances its spread by inducing a hypermotility phenotype in parasitized immune cells, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> evidence for this phenomenon is scarce. Here we use a physiologically relevant oral model of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection, in conjunction with two\u2010photon laser scanning microscopy, to address this issue. We found that a small proportion of natural killer (NK) cells in mesenteric lymph nodes contained parasites. Compared with uninfected \u2018bystander\u2019 NK cells, these infected NK cells showed faster, more directed and more persistent migratory behavior. Consistent with this, infected NK cells showed impaired spreading and clustering of the integrin, LFA\u20101, when exposed to plated ligands. Our results provide the first evidence for a hypermigratory phenotype in <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected NK cells <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, providing an anatomical context for understanding how the parasite manipulates immune cell motility to spread through the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2014.106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]],"date-time":"2014-12-23T10:36:12Z","timestamp":1419330972000},"page":"508-513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\u2010infected natural killer cells display a hypermotility phenotype <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Norikiyo","family":"Ueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and The Institute for Immunology, University of California  Irvine CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa B","family":"Lodoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and The Institute for Immunology, University of California  Irvine CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme L","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen A","family":"Robey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California  Berkeley CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine L","family":"Coombes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool  Liverpool 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