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We also show that an inactivated detergent\u2010disrupted influenza virus vaccine formulated with the Pam<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Cys\u2010based adjuvant R<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010Pam<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Cys provides the host with both <jats:italic>immediate<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>long\u2010term<\/jats:italic> protection against secondary pneumococcal infections following influenza virus infection through innate and specific immune mechanisms, respectively. Vaccinated animals generated influenza virus\u2010specific immune responses that provided the host with long\u2010term protection against influenza virus and its sequelae. This vaccine, which generates an immediate response, provides an additional countermeasure, which is ideal for use even in the midst of an influenza outbreak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.71","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T08:21:17Z","timestamp":1435825277000},"page":"101-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Reducing the impact of influenza\u2010associated secondary pneumococcal infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Edin J","family":"Mifsud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amabel C","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The 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