{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:30:42Z","timestamp":1790800242239,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]],"date-time":"2016-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP74667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP74667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The purple sea urchin (\n                    <jats:italic>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genome sequence contains a complex repertoire of genes encoding innate immune recognition proteins and homologs of important vertebrate immune regulatory factors. To characterize how this immune system is deployed within an experimentally tractable, intact animal, we investigate the immune capability of the larval stage. Sea urchin embryos and larvae are morphologically simple and transparent, providing an organism\u2010wide model to view immune response at cellular resolution. Here we present evidence for immune function in five mesenchymal cell types based on morphology, behavior and gene expression. Two cell types are phagocytic; the others interact at sites of microbial detection or injury. We characterize immune\u2010associated gene markers for three cell types, including a perforin\u2010like molecule, a scavenger receptor, a complement\u2010like thioester\u2010containing protein and the echinoderm\u2010specific immune response factor\n                    <jats:italic>185\/333<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We elicit larval immune responses by (1) bacterial injection into the blastocoel and (2) seawater exposure to the marine bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio diazotrophicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    to perturb immune state in the gut. Exposure at the epithelium induces a strong response in which pigment cells (one type of immune cell) migrate from the ectoderm to interact with the gut epithelium. Bacteria that accumulate in the gut later invade the blastocoel, where they are cleared by phagocytic and granular immune cells. The complexity of this coordinated, dynamic inflammatory program within the simple larval morphology provides a system in which to characterize processes that direct both aspects of the echinoderm\u2010specific immune response as well as those that are shared with other deuterostomes, including vertebrates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.51","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T16:31:02Z","timestamp":1463761862000},"page":"861-874","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Perturbation of gut bacteria induces a coordinated cellular immune response in the purple sea urchin larva"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"CH Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6585-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine M","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine S","family":"Schrankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas W","family":"Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Hibino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M","family":"Solek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koeun","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guizhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P","family":"Rast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1823"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2008.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","volume-title":"Lectures on the Comparative Pathology of Inflammation: Delivered at the Pasteur Institute in 1891","author":"Metchnikoff E","year":"1893"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1244"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2011.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711220105"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069883"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133609"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.08.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134301"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2013.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SchrankelCS SolekCM BuckleyKM AndersonMK RastJP.A conserved alternative form of the purple sea urchin HEB\/E2\u20102\/E2A transcription factor mediates a switch in E\u2010protein regulatory state in differentiating immune cells.Dev Biol(e\u2010pub ahead of print 2 June 2016; 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