{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:43:40Z","timestamp":1786967020649,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,29]],"date-time":"2009-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1256774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A common strategy of pathogenic bacteria is to form close associations with parasitic insects that feed on animals and to use these insects as vectors for their own transmission. Pathogens interact closely with other coexisting bacteria within the insect, and interactions between co-occurring bacteria may influence the vector competency of the parasite. Interactions between particular lineages can be explored through measures of \u03b1-diversity. Furthermore, general patterns of bacterial community assembly can be explored through measures of \u03b2-diversity. Here, we use pyrosequencing (n=115\u2009924 16S rRNA gene sequences) to describe the bacterial communities of 230 prairie dog fleas sampled across space and time. We use these communinty characterizations to assess interactions between dominant community members and to explore general patterns of bacterial community assembly in fleas. An analysis of co-occurrence patterns suggests non-neutral negative interactions between dominant community members (P&amp;lt;0.001). Furthermore, bacterial communities of fleas shift dramatically across years (phylotype-based: R=0.829, P&amp;lt;0.001; phylogenetic-based: R=0.612\u20130.753, P&amp;lt;0.001), but they also significantly differ across space (phylotype-based: R=0.418, P&amp;lt;0.001; phylogenetic-based: R=0.290\u20130.328, P&amp;lt;0.001) and between flea species (phylotype-based: R=0.160, P=0.011; phylogenetic-based: not significant). Collectively, our results show that flea-associated bacterial communities are not random assemblages; rather, an individual flea's bacterial community is governed by interactions between bacterial lineages and by the flea's place in space and time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2009.111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,29]],"date-time":"2009-10-29T11:39:04Z","timestamp":1256816344000},"page":"223-231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Bacterial communities of disease vectors sampled across time, space, and species"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ryan T","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, MD , USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.400","article-title":"Infection of colonized cat fleas, Ctenocephalides-Felis (Bouche), with a rickettsia-like microorganism","volume":"43","author":"Adams","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-007-9175-6","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog colonies affected by plague","volume":"23","author":"Augustine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landsc Ecol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970308","article-title":"Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations","volume":"3","author":"Azad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-007-9355-6","article-title":"Temporal and spatial patterns of Bartonella infection in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)","volume":"56","author":"Bai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.616-620.2004","article-title":"Intracellular symbionts and other bacteria associated with deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from Nantucket and Wellfleet, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","volume":"70","author":"Benson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.07.017","article-title":"Temporal variation in soil microbial communities in Alpine tundra","volume":"40","author":"Bjork","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.925","article-title":"The western black-legged tick, ixodes-pacificus\u2014a vector of borrelia-burgdorferi","volume":"34","author":"Burgdorfer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.8.1952-1956.1996","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Bartonella henselae by the cat flea","volume":"34","author":"Chomel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03914.x","article-title":"Microbial communities and interactions in the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum","volume":"17","author":"Clay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-005-4617-5","article-title":"Landscape structure and plague occurrence in black-tailed prairie dogs on grasslands of the western USA","volume":"20","author":"Collinge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Landsc Ecol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W394","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl244","article-title":"NAST: a multiple sequence alignment server for comparative analysis of 16S rRNA genes","volume":"34","author":"DeSantis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.49.1.201","article-title":"Human ehrlichioses: newly recognized infections transmitted by ticks","volume":"49","author":"Dumler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Rev Med"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15380","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606831103","article-title":"Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas as a mechanism explaining rapidly spreading plague epizootics","volume":"103","author":"Eisen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.4.672","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas: secondary infectious feeds prolong efficient transmission by Oropsylla montana (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae)","volume":"44","author":"Eisen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.4.678","article-title":"Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) is as efficient as transmission by blocked fleas","volume":"44","author":"Eisen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR16","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Order Siphonoptera","author":"Furman","year":"1982"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130337","article-title":"Natural history of plague: perspectives from more than a century of research","volume":"50","author":"Gage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rev Entomol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR18","volume-title":"EcoSim: Null Models Software for Ecology","author":"Gotelli","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2006.06.009","article-title":"Leeches and their microbiota: naturally simple symbiosis models","volume":"14","author":"Graf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1211","article-title":"Symbiont-mediated protection","volume":"275","author":"Haine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1184","article-title":"Error-correcting barcoded primers for pyrosequencing hundreds of samples in multiplex","volume":"5","author":"Hamady","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.3.490","article-title":"Acquisition of the cat scratch disease agent Bartonella henselae by cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)","volume":"33","author":"Higgins","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR23","volume-title":"Fleas of Western North America","author":"Hubbard","year":"1947"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02090-07","article-title":"Bacterial communities of Bartonella-positive fleas: diversity and community assembly patterns","volume":"74","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2008.127","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of soil acidobacterial diversity using pyrosequencing and clone library analyses","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3064","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003064","article-title":"Predominant role of host genetics in controlling the composition of gut microbiota","volume":"3","author":"Khachatryan","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00335-09","article-title":"Pyrosequencing-based assessment of soil pH as a predictor of soil bacterial community structure at the continental scale","volume":"75","author":"Lauber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1978","article-title":"Worlds within worlds: evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Ley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7217","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.11.7217-7223.2005","article-title":"16S rRNA gene-based identification of midgut bacteria from field-caught Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and A. funestus mosquitoes reveals new species related to known insect symbionts","volume":"71","author":"Lindh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03560.x","article-title":"The evolution of virulence in pathogens with vertical and horizontal transmission","volume":"50","author":"Lipsitch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.5.2867-2879.2004","article-title":"Seasonal changes in an alpine soil bacterial community in the Colorado Rocky mountains","volume":"70","author":"Lipson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR32","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Competitive co-existence of vertically and horizontally transmitted parasites","volume":"7","author":"Lively","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evol Ecol Res"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005","article-title":"UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities","volume":"71","author":"Lozupone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01996-06","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative beta diversity measures lead to different insights into factors that structure microbial communities","volume":"73","author":"Lozupone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11436","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611525104","article-title":"Global patterns in bacterial diversity","volume":"104","author":"Lozupone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.6.809","article-title":"Rickettsial infection in Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) inhibits transovarial transmission of a second Rickettsia","volume":"39","author":"Macaluso","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.16.175","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of orthopteroid insects based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene","volume":"16","author":"Maekawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zool Sci"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5965","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00741-08","article-title":"The obligate mutualist Wigglesworthia glossinidia influences reproduction, digestion, and immunity processes of its host, the tsetse fly","volume":"74","author":"Pais","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1086\/319347","article-title":"Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat","volume":"32","author":"Parola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.719-756.2005","article-title":"Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts","volume":"18","author":"Parola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35","article-title":"Yersinia pestis\u2014etiologic agent of plague","volume":"10","author":"Perry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.3.557-558.1987","article-title":"Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia-Burgdorferi transmission","volume":"25","author":"Piesman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3354\/ame021245","article-title":"Seasonal succession in marine bacterioplankton","volume":"21","author":"Pinhassi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aquat Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.38","article-title":"Comparative microbiota of Rickettsia felis-uninfected and\u2014infected colonized cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis","volume":"1","author":"Pornwiroon","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0701.010112","article-title":"A flea-associated rickettsia pathogenic for humans","volume":"7","author":"Raoult","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-002-0009-4","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities associated with ectoparasitic chewing lice of pocket gophers: a culture-independent approach","volume":"44","author":"Reed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.2.578-587.2000","article-title":"Dynamics of bacterial community composition and activity during a mesocosm diatom bloom","volume":"66","author":"Riemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086940","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils","volume":"301","author":"Schadt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000002","article-title":"The bacterial symbiont wolbachia induces resistance to RNA viral infections in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"6","author":"Teixeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plos Biol"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0181","article-title":"Oropsylla hirsuta (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) can support plague epizootics in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) by early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis","volume":"8","author":"Wilder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-008-0165-1","article-title":"Transmission efficiency of two flea species (Oropsylla tuberculata cynomuris and Oropsylla hirsuta) involved in plague epizootics among prairie dogs","volume":"5","author":"Wilder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"2024020117245252400_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00356-06","article-title":"Culture-independent characterization of the digestive-tract microbiota of the medicinal leech reveals a tripartite symbiosis","volume":"72","author":"Worthen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"}],"container-title":["The ISME Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ismej2009111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ismej2009111","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ismej\/article-pdf\/4\/2\/223\/56402625\/41396_2010_article_bfismej2009111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ismej2009111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ismej\/article-pdf\/4\/2\/223\/56402625\/41396_2010_article_bfismej2009111.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T17:26:19Z","timestamp":1706808379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ismej\/article\/4\/2\/223\/7588045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2009.111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-7362","1751-7370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-7362","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-7370","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,29]]}}}