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We used bar-tagged DNA pyrosequencing to characterize bacterial communities of wild, uninfected controls and infected fleas. Bacterial communities within Y. pestis-infected fleas were substantially more similar to one another than communities within wild or control fleas, suggesting that infection alters the bacterial community in a directed manner such that specific bacterial lineages are severely reduced in abundance or entirely eliminated from the community. Laboratory conditions also significantly altered flea-associated bacterial communities relative to wild communities, but much less so than Y. pestis infection. The abundance of Firmicutes decreased considerably in infected fleas, and Bacteroidetes were almost completely eliminated from both the control and infected fleas. Bartonella and Wolbachia were unaffected or responded positively to Y. pestis infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,16]],"date-time":"2012-08-16T06:49:04Z","timestamp":1345099744000},"page":"224-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["<i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    infection and laboratory conditions alter flea-associated bacterial communities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ryan T","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara M","family":"Vetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Current address: Virology\/Immunology Unit, Public Health Laboratory Division, Minnesota State Health Department, 601 Roberts Street N, St. Paul, MN 55155, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Montenieiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott A","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, CO,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Current address: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, 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