{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:13:29Z","timestamp":1790334809203,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3744,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The bacterium Wolbachia (order Rickettsiales), representing perhaps the most abundant vertically transmitted microbe worldwide, infects arthropods and filarial nematodes. In arthropods, Wolbachia can induce reproductive alterations and interfere with the transmission of several arthropod-borne pathogens. In addition, Wolbachia is an obligate mutualist of the filarial parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in the tropics. Targeting Wolbachia with tetracycline antibiotics leads to sterilisation and ultimately death of adult filariae. However, several weeks of treatment are required, restricting the implementation of this control strategy. To date, the response of Wolbachia to stress has not been investigated, and almost nothing is known about global regulation of gene expression in this organism. We exposed an arthropod Wolbachia strain to doxycycline in vitro, and analysed differential expression by directional RNA-seq and label-free, quantitative proteomics. We found that Wolbachia responded not only by modulating expression of the translation machinery, but also by upregulating nucleotide synthesis and energy metabolism, while downregulating outer membrane proteins. Moreover, Wolbachia increased the expression of a key component of the twin-arginine translocase (tatA) and a phosphate ABC transporter ATPase (PstB); the latter is associated with decreased susceptibility to antimicrobials in free-living bacteria. Finally, the downregulation of 6S RNA during translational inhibition suggests that this small RNA is involved in growth rate control. Despite its highly reduced genome, Wolbachia shows a surprising ability to regulate gene expression during exposure to a potent stressor. Our findings have general relevance for the chemotherapy of obligate intracellular bacteria and the mechanistic basis of persistence in the Rickettsiales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T10:36:33Z","timestamp":1382610993000},"page":"925-937","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the global response of <i>Wolbachia<\/i> to doxycycline-induced stress"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alistair C","family":"Darby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology and the Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Christina","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection & Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart D","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection & Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine S","family":"Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection & Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection & Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M","family":"Wastling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection & Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L","family":"Makepeace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection & Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024012421271962900_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-011-9992-6","article-title":"Responses of bark beetle-associated bacteria to host monoterpenes and their relationship to insect life histories","volume":"37","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"key":"2024012421271962900_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(89)90056-3","article-title":"The carrier status of sheep, cattle and african buffalo recovered from heartwater","volume":"34","author":"Andrew","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2024012421271962900_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0591","article-title":"Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes","volume":"265","author":"Bandi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"2024012421271962900_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011481108","article-title":"Stage-specific proteomic expression patterns of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi and its endosymbiont Wolbachia","volume":"108","author":"Bennuru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024012421271962900_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01437.x","article-title":"Evidence that phosphate specific transporter is amplified in a fluoroquinolone resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis","volume":"267","author":"Bhatt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2024012421271962900_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.139","article-title":"Treatment of Rickettsia spp. infections: a review","volume":"10","author":"Botelho-Nevers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2024012421271962900_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2005.08.025","article-title":"Riboflavin as a sensitiser in the photodegradation of tetracyclines. 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