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The persistence of this bacterium in aquatic environments is a key epidemiological concern, as cholera is transmitted through contaminated water. Predatory protists, such as amoebae, are major regulators of bacterial populations in such environments. Therefore, we investigated the interaction between V. cholerae and the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii at the single-cell level. We observed that V. cholerae can resist intracellular killing. The non-digested bacteria were either released or, alternatively, established a replication niche within the contractile vacuole of A. castellanii. V. cholerae was maintained within this compartment even upon encystment. The pathogen ultimately returned to its aquatic habitat through lysis of A. castellanii, a process that was dependent on the production of extracellular polysaccharide by the pathogen. This study reinforces the concept that V. cholerae is a facultative intracellular bacterium and describes a new host\u2013pathogen interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T10:36:06Z","timestamp":1442918166000},"page":"897-910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["An intracellular replication niche for\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    in the amoeba\n                    <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Van der Henst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Station 19, EPFL-SV-UPBLO, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Scrignari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Station 19, EPFL-SV-UPBLO, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Maclachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioelectron Microscopy Core Facility (BioEM), School of Life Sciences, Station 19, EPFL-SV-PTBIOEM, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Blokesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Station 19, EPFL-SV-UPBLO, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011819063774000_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2006.00254.x","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae O1 strains are facultative intracellular bacteria, able to survive and multiply symbiotically inside the aquatic free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii","volume":"60","author":"Abd","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"2024011819063774000_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1-003","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9597.S1-003","article-title":"Survival of Vibrio cholerae inside Acanthamoeba and detection of both microorganisms from natural water samples may point out the amoeba as a protozoal host for V. cholerae","volume-title":"Bacteriol Parasitol","author":"Abd","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024011819063774000_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00771.x","article-title":"Intracellular survival and replication of Vibrio cholerae O139 in aquatic free-living amoebae","volume":"7","author":"Abd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024011819063774000_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-1878(200011)22:11&lt;1035::AID-BIES10&gt;3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"The contractile vacuole and its membrane dynamics","volume":"22","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"2024011819063774000_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.6.2240-2246.1998","article-title":"New unstable variants of green fluorescent protein for studies of transient gene expression in bacteria","volume":"64","author":"Andersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2024011819063774000_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.105.3.861","article-title":"Kinetics of endosomal pH evolution in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. 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