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In total, 260 ARG subtypes belonging to 18 ARG types were detected with an abundance range of 5.4 \u00d7 10\u22126\u20132.2 \u00d7 10\u22121 copy of ARG per copy of 16S-rRNA gene. The trend of the total ARG abundances in environments matched well with the levels of anthropogenic impacts on these environments. From the less impacted environments to the seriously impacted environments, the total ARG abundances increased up to three orders of magnitude, that is, from 3.2 \u00d7 10\u22123 to 3.1 \u00d7 100 copy of ARG per copy of 16S-rRNA gene. The abundant ARGs were associated with aminoglycoside, bacitracin, \u03b2-lactam, chloramphenicol, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, quinolone, sulphonamide and tetracycline, in agreement with the antibiotics extensively used in human medicine or veterinary medicine\/promoters. The widespread occurrences and abundance variation trend of vancomycin resistance genes in different environments might imply the spread of vancomycin resistance genes because of the selective pressure resulting from vancomycin use. The simultaneous enrichment of 12 ARG types in adult chicken faeces suggests the coselection of multiple ARGs in this production system. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that samples belonging to the same environment generally possessed similar ARG compositions. Based on the co-occurrence pattern revealed by network analysis, tetM and aminoglycoside resistance protein, the hubs of the ARG network, are proposed to be indicators to quantitatively estimate the abundance of 23 other co-occurring ARG subtypes by power functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.59","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,28]],"date-time":"2015-04-28T10:14:30Z","timestamp":1430216070000},"page":"2490-2502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1176,"title":["Metagenomic and network analysis reveal wide distribution and co-occurrence of environmental antibiotic resistance genes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong 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