{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:17:08Z","timestamp":1792808228086,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,7]],"date-time":"2009-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1231286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hypertensive encephalopathy occurs when acute changes in blood pressure cause breakdown of the blood\u2014brain barrier (BBB). Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a role in this pathophysiology. We determined whether Ang II directly regulates endothelial cell function at the BBB. In BBB microvessel endothelial cells (MECs), the Ang II (100\u2009nmol\/L; 0 to 6\u2009h) effects on permeability to\n                    <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                    I-albumin and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) were assessed. Angiotensin II (100\u2009nmol\/L) caused significant time-dependent changes in both\n                    <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                    I-albumin permeability (25%) at 2\u2009h and TEER (\u22128.87\u2009\u03a9\u00b7cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) at 6\u2009h. Next, MECs were pretreated with the Ang II type 1 (AT\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) receptor blocker telmisartan (1\u2009\u03bcmol\/L) or the Ang II type 2 (AT\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) receptor blocker PD123,319 (1\u2009\u03bcmol\/L) followed by treatment with Ang II (100\u2009nm). Telmisartan completely inhibited the Ang II-induced increase in\n                    <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                    I-albumin permeability in MECs whereas PD123,319 had no effect. Using western blot analysis, we showed that MECs express AT\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors but not AT\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors. Treatment with Ang II (100\u2009nmol\/L; 0 to 6\u2009h) also increased total protein kinase C activity. In contrast, Ang II had no effect on the expression of occludin, claudin 5, or actin. These results show that Ang II directly modulates transcytotic and paracellular permeability in BBB endothelial cells and could contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertensive encephalopathy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,7]],"date-time":"2009-01-07T04:01:25Z","timestamp":1231300885000},"page":"640-647","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Angiotensin II Modulates BBB Permeability via Activation of the AT\n                    <sub>1<\/sub>\n                    Receptor in Brain Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Melissa A","family":"Fleegal-DeMotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"GRECC, VAMC, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Doghu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"GRECC, VAMC, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"GRECC, VAMC, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jcbfm.2008.158","unstructured":"AHA (2008) Diseases and Conditions: High Blood Pressure\u2014High Blood Pressure Statistics. 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