{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:50:12Z","timestamp":1790419812470,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,13]],"date-time":"2008-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1202860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and compromised antioxidant defense may contribute to brain disorders such as stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. Nitroxides are redox-sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents and antioxidants. The ability of a blood\u2014brain barrier (BBB)-permeable nitroxide, methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl (MC-P), as a magnetic resonance-imaging (MRI) contrast agent for brain tissue redox imaging was tested. MC-P relaxation in rodent brain was quantified by MRI using a fast Look-Locker T\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -mapping sequence. In the cerebral cortex and thalamus, the MRI signal intensity increased up to 50% after MC-P injection, but increased only by 2.7% when a BBB-impermeable nitroxide, 3CxP (3-carboxy-2,2,5,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl) was used. The maximum concentrations in the thalamus and cerebral cortex after MC-P injection were calculated to be 1.9\u00b10.35 and 3.0\u00b10.50\u2009mmol\/L, respectively. These values were consistent with the ex vivo data of brain tissue and blood concentration obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Also, reduction rates of MC-P were significantly decreased after reperfusion following transient MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion), a condition associated with changes in redox status resulting from oxidative damage. These results show the use of BBB-permeable nitroxides as MRI contrast agents and antioxidants to evaluate the role of ROS in neurologic diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,13]],"date-time":"2008-02-13T04:12:50Z","timestamp":1202875970000},"page":"1165-1174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Brain Redox Imaging Using Blood\u2014Brain Barrier-Permeable Nitroxide MRI Contrast Agent"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Fuminori","family":"Hyodo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Hsiang","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NINDS, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 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