{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:15:33Z","timestamp":1783019733838,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,11]],"date-time":"2009-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257897600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Positron emission tomography (PET) with [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride has been used to investigate the density ( B\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and affinity ( K\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of dopamine D\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors related to several neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, in assessing the B\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    and K\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    , multiple PET scans are necessary under variable specific activities of administered [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride, resulting in a long study period and unexpected physiological variations. In this paper, we have developed a method of multiple-injection graphical analysis (MI-GA) that provides the B\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    and K\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    values from a single PET scan with three sequential injections of [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride, and we validated the proposed method by performing numerous simulations and PET studies on monkeys. In the simulations, the three-injection protocol was designed according to prior knowledge of the receptor kinetics, and the errors of B\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    and K\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    estimated by MI-GA were analyzed. Simulations showed that our method could support the calculation of B\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    and K\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    , despite a slight overestimation compared with the true magnitudes. In monkey studies, we could calculate the B\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    and K\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    of diseased or normal striatum in a 150 mins scan with the three-injection protocol of [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]raclopride. Estimated B\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    and K\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of D\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors in normal or partially dopamine-depleted striatum were comparable to the previously reported values.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,11]],"date-time":"2009-11-11T04:59:57Z","timestamp":1257915597000},"page":"663-673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Measurement of Density and Affinity for Dopamine D\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Receptors by a Single Positron Emission Tomography Scan with Multiple Injections of [\n                    <sup>11<\/sup>\n                    C]raclopride"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yoko","family":"Ikoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Biomedical Imaging and Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Watabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Miyake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Teramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Minato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Imaging and Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidehiro","family":"Iida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(86)90431-5"},{"key":"bibr2-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000105020.93708.DD"},{"key":"bibr3-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432676"},{"key":"bibr4-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1995.34"},{"key":"bibr5-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000093325.88757.92"},{"key":"bibr6-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000050042.22945.E5"},{"key":"bibr7-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.11.3863"},{"key":"bibr8-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1989.98"},{"key":"bibr9-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2867601"},{"key":"bibr10-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800190091013"},{"key":"bibr11-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810150013003"},{"key":"bibr12-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600505"},{"key":"bibr13-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0303"},{"key":"bibr14-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245971"},{"key":"bibr15-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(88)90001-2"},{"key":"bibr16-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2004.835778"},{"key":"bibr17-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.05.099"},{"key":"bibr18-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199809000-00003"},{"key":"bibr19-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890020511"},{"key":"bibr20-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(85)90778-6"},{"key":"bibr21-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0066"},{"key":"bibr22-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199609000-00008"},{"key":"bibr23-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199712)27:4<347::AID-SYN8>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"bibr24-jcbfm.2009.239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01830.x"},{"key":"bibr25-jcbfm.2009.239","first-page":"1462","volume":"36","author":"Millet 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