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We tested alcohol and morphine in a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized study in 12 healthy young men. Drugs were administered intravenously. Validated pharmacokinetic protocols achieved minimal intersubject and intrasubject variance in plasma drug concentration. Permutation-based statistical testing of a mixed effect repeated measures model revealed a widespread increase in absolute CBF because of both morphine and alcohol. Conjunction analysis revealed overlapping effects of morphine and alcohol on absolute CBF in the left anterior cingulate, right hippocampus, right insula, and left primary sensorimotor areas. Effects of morphine and alcohol on relative CBF (obtained from z-normalization of absolute CBF maps) were significantly different in the left putamen, left frontoparietal network, cerebellum, and the brainstem. Corroborating previous PET results, our findings suggest that PCASL is a promising tool for central nervous system drug research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,19]],"date-time":"2011-01-19T06:35:49Z","timestamp":1295418949000},"page":"1321-1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling Reveals Dissociable Effects of Morphine and Alcohol on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Khalili-Mahani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The 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