{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:37:25Z","timestamp":1783485445092,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]],"date-time":"2015-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1034,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR041943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR041943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR052009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR052009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR056635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR056635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003161","name":"National Alopecia Areata Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jidonline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,27]],"date-time":"2012-09-27T08:50:48Z","timestamp":1348735848000},"page":"334-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Endogenous Retinoids in the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"F. Jason","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin P.","family":"Szatkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya P.","family":"Kamdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Lloyd E.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"McElwee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Sundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen B.","family":"Everts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2010.00908.x","article-title":"Cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic roles of the CTL\/NK protease granzyme B","volume":"235","author":"Afonina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/109.8.1419","article-title":"Growth, appetite, sequence of pathological signs and survival following the induction of rapid, synchronous vitamin A deficiency in the rat","volume":"109","author":"Anzano","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0020","first-page":"33","article-title":"Interferon-gamma in alopecia areata","volume":"14","author":"Arca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00095-4","article-title":"Retinoids: unapproved uses or indications","volume":"18","author":"Arechalde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.7.995","article-title":"An essential role for interleukin 10 in the function of regulatory T cells that inhibit intestinal inflammation","volume":"190","author":"Asseman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.2.157","article-title":"Interleukin 10 is a growth factor for a population of regulatory T cells","volume":"42","author":"Asseman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R100015-JLR200","article-title":"Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid","volume":"43","author":"Balmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03523.x","article-title":"Serum T helper 1 cytokine levels are greater in patients with alopecia areata regardless of severity of atopy","volume":"35","author":"Barahmani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2009.91","article-title":"Intracellular versus extracellular granzyme B in immunity and disease: challenging the dogma","volume":"89","author":"Boivin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071966","article-title":"Identification of a novel population of Langerin+ dendritic cells","volume":"204","author":"Bursch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.4.1515","article-title":"In vitamin A deficiency multiple mechanisms establish a regulatory T-helper cell imbalance with excess Th1 and insufficent Th2 function","volume":"152","author":"Cantorna","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01811.x","article-title":"Gene array profiling and immunomodulation studies define a cell-mediated immune response underlying the pathogenesis of alopecia areata in a mouse model and humans","volume":"119","author":"Carroll","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80222-8","article-title":"Retinoic acid early inducible genes define a ligand family for the activating NKG2D receptor in mice","volume":"12","author":"Cerwenka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070590","article-title":"A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta- and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism","volume":"204","author":"Coombes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90696-C","article-title":"Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge area of pilosebaceous unit: implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis","volume":"61","author":"Cotsarelis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700054","article-title":"Phenotypic analysis of T-cells in extensive alopecia areata scalp suggests partial tolerance","volume":"126","author":"Deeths","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0193","article-title":"Topical treatment with black raspberry extract reduces cutaneous uvb-induced carcinogenesis and inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Duncan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.124461","article-title":"Vitamin A as a regulator of antigen presenting cells","volume":"140","author":"Duriancik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2011.08.017","article-title":"Endogenous retinoids in the hair follicle and sebaceous gland","volume":"1821","author":"Everts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540213464","article-title":"Nutrient-gene interactions in mitochondrial function: vitamin A needs are increased in BHE\/Cdb rats","volume":"53","author":"Everts","year":"2002","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700753","article-title":"Immunolocalization of enzymes, binding proteins, and receptors sufficient for retinoic acid synthesis and signaling during the hair cycle","volume":"127","author":"Everts","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00662.x","article-title":"Control of peripheral T-cell tolerance and autoimmunity via the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways","volume":"224","author":"Fife","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9896(200108)194:4<397::AID-PATH899>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Differential expression of CXCR3 targeting chemokines CXCL10, CXCL9, and CXCL11 in different types of skin inflammation","volume":"194","author":"Flier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19734","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019734","article-title":"Metabolic changes in skin caused by Scd1 deficiency: a focus on retinol metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Flowers","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1263","article-title":"A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells","volume":"6","author":"Fontenot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.00230.x","article-title":"Interleukin-10-deficient mice are less susceptible to the induction of alopecia areata","volume":"119","author":"Freyschmidt-Paul","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23888.x","article-title":"Reduced expression of interleukin-2 decreases the frequency of alopecia areata onset in C3H\/HeJ mice","volume":"125","author":"Freyschmidt-Paul","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07377.x","article-title":"Interferon-gamma-deficient mice are resistant to the development of alopecia areata","volume":"155","author":"Freyschmidt-Paul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23580.x","article-title":"Alopecia areata induced in C3H\/HeJ mice by interferon-gamma: evidence for loss of immune privilege","volume":"124","author":"Gilhar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2006.00261.x","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency phrynoderma associated with chronic giardiasis","volume":"23","author":"Girard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3188","article-title":"Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of IL-10 on human CD8+ T cells","volume":"160","author":"Groux","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-09-245274","article-title":"Skin-draining lymph nodes contain dermis-derived CD103\u2212 dendritic cells that constitutively produce retinoic acid and induce Foxp3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"115","author":"Guilliams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c3671","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3671","article-title":"Management of alopecia areata","volume":"341","author":"Harries","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0175","first-page":"271","article-title":"A review on the natural mediators of inflammatory leucotaxis","volume":"32","author":"Hayashi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.12.3736","article-title":"Retinoic acid enhances the T helper 2 cell development that is essential for robust antibody responses through its action on antigen-presenting cells","volume":"132","author":"Hoag","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1208733","article-title":"PPAR gamma regulates retinoic acid-mediated DC induction of Tregs","volume":"86","author":"Housley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701183","article-title":"Maintenance of hair follicle immune privilege is linked to prevention of NK cell attack","volume":"128","author":"Ito","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg101","article-title":"Retinoic acids exert direct effects on T cells to suppress Th1 development and enhance Th2 development via retinoic acid receptors","volume":"15","author":"Iwata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.08.011","article-title":"Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells","volume":"21","author":"Iwata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10966","article-title":"Expression and role of MICA and MICB in human hepatocellular carcinomas and their regulation by retinoic acid","volume":"104","author":"Jinushi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.427","article-title":"Genetic variants in CTLA4 are strongly associated with alopecia areata","volume":"131","author":"John","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.03.038","article-title":"HPLC\/UV quantitation of retinal, retinol, and retinyl esters in serum and tissues","volume":"378","author":"Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1021\/ac702030f","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of endogenous retinoic acid in vivo and in vitro by tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"80","author":"Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2007.02.008","article-title":"Post-transcriptional control of the interferon system","volume":"89","author":"Khabar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0230","series-title":"Dermatologic Immunity, Curr Dir Autoimmun","first-page":"280","article-title":"Alopecia Areata","author":"King","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1997.tb03060.x","article-title":"Topical tretinoin as an adjunctive therapy with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide for alopecia areata. Clinical experience in northern Saudi Arabia","volume":"36","author":"Kubeyinje","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07943.x","article-title":"Serum chemokine profiles in patients with alopecia areata","volume":"157","author":"Kuwano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041257","article-title":"IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation","volume":"201","author":"Langrish","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1925","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2-dependent induction of vitamin A-metabolizing enzymes in dendritic cells promotes T regulatory responses and inhibits autoimmunity","volume":"15","author":"Manicassamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080950","article-title":"Contrasting roles for all-trans retinoic acid in TGF-beta-mediated induction of Foxp3 and Il10 genes in developing regulatory T cells","volume":"206","author":"Maynard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00380.x","article-title":"Experimental induction of alopecia areata-like hair loss in C3H\/HeJ mice using full-thickness skin grafts","volume":"111","author":"McElwee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jidsp.5640211","article-title":"Spontaneous alopecia areata-like hair loss in one congenic and seven inbred laboratory mouse strains","volume":"4","author":"McElwee","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1159\/000028002","article-title":"Comparison of alopecia areata in human and nonhuman mammalian species","volume":"66","author":"McElwee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23692.x","article-title":"Transfer of CD8+ cells induces localized hair loss whereas CD4+\/CD25\u2212 cells promote systemic alopecia areata and CD4+\/CD25+ cells blockade disease onset in the C3H\/HeJ mouse model","volume":"124","author":"McElwee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19620.x","article-title":"Resistance to alopecia areata in C3H\/HeJ mice is associated with increased expression of regulatory cytokines and a failure to recruit CD4+ and CD8+ cells","volume":"119","author":"McElwee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01149.x","article-title":"In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells restores hair growth in the DEBR model for alopecia areata","volume":"135","author":"McElwee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.17","article-title":"Increased expression of Cxcr3 and its ligands, Cxcl9 and Cxcl10, during the development of alopecia areata in the mouse","volume":"132","author":"McPhee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0295","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Evidence that the bulge region is a site of relative immune privilege in human hair follicles","volume":"159","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02652.x","article-title":"Regulation of ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D","volume":"121","author":"Mistry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0305","first-page":"993","article-title":"Treatment of alopecia areata with vitamin A acid","volume":"51","author":"Much","year":"1976","journal-title":"Z Hautkr"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145697","article-title":"Reciprocal TH17 and regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by retinoic acid","volume":"317","author":"Mucida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1035999100","article-title":"IL-17 production from activated T cells is required for the spontaneous development of destructive arthritis in mice deficient in IL-1 receptor antagonist","volume":"100","author":"Nakae","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.061249","article-title":"Controlled delivery of T-box21 small interfering RNA ameliorates autoimmune alopecia (Alopecia Areata) in a C3H\/HeJ mouse model","volume":"172","author":"Nakamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00635.x","article-title":"Strategies for use of IL-10 or its antagonists in human disease","volume":"223","author":"O\u2019Garra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.12.011","article-title":"Nutrient intake from multivitamin\/mineral supplements is similar among users from five ethnic groups: The Multiethnic Cohort Study","volume":"108","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7357","article-title":"Enhancement of acute phase and inhibition of chronic phase of experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rats by intranasal administration of recombinant mouse interleukin 17: potential immunoregulatory role","volume":"163","author":"Pelidou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09114","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"466","author":"Petukhova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2008.354","article-title":"Effective in vivo induction of NKG2D ligands in acute myeloid leukaemias by all-trans-retinoic acid or sodium valproate","volume":"23","author":"Poggi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53395-0","article-title":"Expression of the cytokine RANTES in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Differential regulation of RANTES and interleukin-8 genes by inflammatory cytokines","volume":"268","author":"Rathanaswami","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3109\/15569529909044238","article-title":"Retinol: Safety considerations for its use in cosmetic products","volume":"18","author":"Ries","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Toxicol Cutaneous Ocul Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb14851.x","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous lupus-erythematosus with acitretin and hydroxychloroquine","volume":"127","author":"Ruzicka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.4065\/70.7.628","article-title":"Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989","volume":"70","author":"Safavi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-002-0354-7","article-title":"Strong expression of CD40, CD54 and HLA-DR antigen and lack of evidence for direct cellular cytotoxicity are unique immunohistopathological features in alopecia areata","volume":"294","author":"Sato-Kawamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737621","article-title":"Activation of retinoic acid receptor-alpha favours regulatory T cell induction at the expense of IL-17-secreting T helper cell differentiation","volume":"37","author":"Schambach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807503200","article-title":"Retinol esterification by DGAT1 is essential for retinoid homeostasis in murine skin","volume":"284","author":"Shih","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0385","first-page":"95","article-title":"Lymphocyte chemotaxis in inflammation. VI. Lyt phenotype analysis of effector cells responsible for producing murine lymphocyte chemotactic factor","volume":"49","author":"Shimokawa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700704","article-title":"Substance P as an immunomodulatory neuropeptide in a mouse model for autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata)","volume":"127","author":"Siebenhaar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/117.5.857","article-title":"Impaired immunity in vitamin A deficient mice","volume":"117","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02813.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of regulatory T-cell suppression\u2014a diverse arsenal for a moving target","volume":"124","author":"Sojka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2660","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency increases the in vivo development of IL-10-positive Th2 cells and decreases development of Th1 cells in mice","volume":"134","author":"Stephensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.10.008","article-title":"Th17 T cells: linking innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"19","author":"Stockinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sem Immunol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2010.05.002","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling in alopecia areata defines immune and cell cycle control related genes within disease-specific signatures","volume":"96","author":"Subramanya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12382416","article-title":"Alopecia areata in aging C3H\/HeJ mice","volume":"102","author":"Sundberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.203","article-title":"Hypothesis testing: CTLA4 co-stimulatory pathways critical in the pathogenesis of human and mouse alopecia areata","volume":"131","author":"Sundberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32S","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1995.51","article-title":"Alopecia areata in humans and other mammalian species","volume":"104","author":"Sundberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23222.x","article-title":"Adult-onset alopecia areata is a complex polygenic trait in the C3H\/HeJ mouse model","volume":"123","author":"Sundberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.02.037","article-title":"Phase I\/II randomized bilateral half-head comparison of topical bexarotene 1% gel for alopecia areata","volume":"61","author":"Talpur","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6705.2004.00098.x","article-title":"Restoration of hair growth in mice with an alopecia areata-like disease using topical anthralin","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560902876368","article-title":"Treatment strategies for alopecia","volume":"10","author":"Tosti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.42.6.753","article-title":"Tissue changes following deprivation of fat-soluble A vitamin","volume":"42","author":"Wolbach","year":"1925","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2277","article-title":"Retinoic acid increases Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and inhibits development of Th17 cells by enhancing TGF-beta-driven Smad3 signaling and inhibiting IL-6 and IL-23 receptor expression","volume":"181","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1038\/jid.2012.344_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01745.x","article-title":"Transient CD44 variant isoform expression and reduction in CD4+\/CD25+ regulatory T cells in C3H\/HeJ mice with alopecia areata","volume":"118","author":"Zoller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Investigative Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022202X15361157?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022202X15361157?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T20:37:19Z","timestamp":1743971839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022202X15361157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022202X15361157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jid.2012.344","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-202X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-202X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Endogenous Retinoids in the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jid.2012.344","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}