{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:48:54Z","timestamp":1784198934225,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]],"date-time":"2016-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]],"date-time":"2016-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]],"date-time":"2016-11-10T14:24:36Z","timestamp":1478787876000},"page":"296-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Changing antiepileptic drug use for seizures in US neonatal intensive care units from 2005 to 2014"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"K A","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S J","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M M","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S F","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y-T","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R H","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V N","family":"Tolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFjp2016206_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3995-2.10005-6","volume-title":"Neurology of the Newborn","author":"JJ Volpe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Volpe JJ. Neonatal seizures. In: Volpe JJ (ed). Neurology of the Newborn. Saunders\/Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2008, pp 203\u2013244."},{"issue":"6","key":"BFjp2016206_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12136","volume":"54","author":"MM Martinos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martinos MM, Yoong M, Patil S, Chong WK, Mardari R, Chin RFM et al. Early developmental outcomes in children following convulsive status epilepticus: a longitudinal study. Epilepsia 2013; 54 (6): 1012\u20131019.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"BFjp2016206_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.01.002","volume":"18","author":"C Uria-Avellanal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uria-Avellanal C, Marlow N, Rennie JM . Outcome following neonatal seizures. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 18 (4): 224\u2013232.","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"BFjp2016206_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812470734","volume":"28","author":"LA Slaughter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slaughter LA, Patel AD, Slaughter JL . Pharmacological treatment of neonatal seizures: a systematic review. J Child Neurol 2013; 28 (3): 351\u2013364.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"BFjp2016206_CR5","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services. Pediatric Postmarket Pharmacovigilance and Drug Utilization Review [Internet]. 2014 [cited 15 September 2016]. Available at: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AdvisoryCommittees\/CommitteesMeetingMaterials\/PediatricAdvisoryCommittee\/UCM386843.pdf."},{"issue":"7","key":"BFjp2016206_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2005.00638.x","volume":"41","author":"KB Carmo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carmo KB, Barr P . Drug treatment of neonatal seizures by neonatologists and paediatric neurologists. J Paediatr Child Health 2005; 41 (7): 313\u2013316.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFjp2016206_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.04.008","volume":"39","author":"FS Silverstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silverstein FS, Ferriero DM . Off-label use of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of neonatal seizures. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 39 (2): 77\u201379.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFjp2016206_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2011.11.006","volume":"46","author":"HC Glass","year":"2012","unstructured":"Glass HC, Kan J, Bonifacio SL, Ferriero DM . Neonatal seizures: treatment practices among term and preterm infants. Pediatr Neurol 2012; 46 (2): 111\u2013115.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFjp2016206_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.003","volume":"37","author":"AI Bartha","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bartha AI, Shen J, Katz KH, Mischel RE, Yap KR, Ivacko JA et al. Neonatal seizures: multicenter variability in current treatment practices. Pediatr Neurol 2007; 37 (2): 85\u201390.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"BFjp2016206_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.035","volume":"174","author":"HC Glass","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glass HC, Shellhaas RA, Wusthoff CJ, Chang T, Abend NS, Chu CJ et al. Contemporary profile of seizures in neonates: a prospective cohort study. J Pediatr 2016; 174: 98\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"BFjp2016206_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.01.016","volume":"37","author":"AR Spitzer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spitzer AR, Ellsbury DL, Handler D, Clark RH . The Pediatrix BabySteps Data Warehouse and the Pediatrix QualitySteps improvement project system\u2014tools for \u2018meaningful use\u2019 in continuous quality improvement. Clin Perinatol 2010; 37 (1): 49\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"BFjp2016206_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1302","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3777","volume":"136","author":"P Srinivasakumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Srinivasakumar P, Zempel J, Trivedi S, Wallendorf M, Rao R, Smith B et al. Treating EEG seizures in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2015; 136 (5): e1302\u2013e1309.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"BFjp2016206_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199002083220604","volume":"322","author":"JR Farwell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Farwell JR, Lee YJ, Hirtz DG, Sulzbacher SI, Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB . Phenobarbital for febrile seizures\u2014effects on intelligence and on seizure recurrence. N Engl J Med 1990; 322 (6): 364\u2013369.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"BFjp2016206_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289903800702","volume":"38","author":"S Sulzbacher","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sulzbacher S, Farwell JR, Temkin N, Lu AS, Hirtz DG . Late cognitive effects of early treatment with phenobarbital. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1999; 38 (7): 387\u2013394.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"11","key":"BFjp2016206_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2013.116","volume":"33","author":"NL Maitre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maitre NL, Smolinsky C, Slaughter JC, Stark AR . Adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes after exposure to phenobarbital and levetiracetam for the treatment of neonatal seizures. J Perinatol 2013; 33 (11): 841\u2013846.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"BFjp2016206_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07517.x","volume":"993","author":"P Bittigau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bittigau P, Sifringer M, Ikonomidou C . Antiepileptic drugs and apoptosis in the developing brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 993 (1): 103\u2013114; discussion 123\u2013124.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"BFjp2016206_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23600","volume":"72","author":"PA Forcelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Forcelli PA, Janssen MJ, Vicini S, Gale K . Neonatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs disrupts striatal synaptic development. Ann Neurol 2012; 72 (3): 363\u2013372.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"23","key":"BFjp2016206_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222550499","volume":"99","author":"P Bittigau","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bittigau P, Sifringer M, Genz K, Reith E, Pospischil D, Govindarajalu S et al. Antiepileptic drugs and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99 (23): 15089\u201315094.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"C","key":"BFjp2016206_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2014.09.002","volume":"76","author":"E Marek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marek E, Kraft WK . Ethanol pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants. Curr Ther Res 2014; 76 (C): 90\u201397.","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"BFjp2016206_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Drugs. Ethanol in liquid preparations intended for children. Pediatrics 1984; 73 (3): 405\u2013407.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.73.3.405"},{"key":"BFjp2016206_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Fetus and Newborn and Committee on Drugs. Benzyl alcohol: toxic agent in neonatal units. Pediatrics 1983; 72 (3): 356\u2013358.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.3.356"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFjp2016206_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a6b312","volume":"73","author":"CL Harden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harden CL, Meador KJ, Pennell PB, Hauser WA, Gronseth GS, French JA et al. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy\u2014focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): teratogenesis and perinatal outcomes: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2009; 73 (2): 133\u2013141.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"BFjp2016206_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002119","volume":"86","author":"KJ Meador","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meador KJ, Loring DW . Developmental effects of antiepileptic drugs and the need for improved regulations. Neurology 2016; 86 (3): 297\u2013306.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"19","key":"BFjp2016206_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530190032031","volume":"274","author":"JM Reinisch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reinisch JM, Sanders SA, Mortensen EL, Rubin DB . In utero exposure to phenobarbital and intelligence deficits in adult men. JAMA 1995; 274 (19): 1518\u20131525.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFjp2016206_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993836","volume":"16","author":"JA Thorp","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thorp JA, O'Connor M, Jones AM, Hoffman EL, Belden B . Does perinatal phenobarbital exposure affect developmental outcome at age 2? Am J Perinatol 1999; 16 (2): 51\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFjp2016206_CR26","first-page":"363","volume":"101","author":"JA Thorp","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thorp JA, O'Connor M, Belden B, Etzenhouser J, Hoffman EL, Jones PG . Effects of phenobarbital and multiple-dose corticosteroids on developmental outcome at age 7 years. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101 (2): 363\u2013373.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"BFjp2016206_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.11.005","volume":"44","author":"O Khan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khan O, Chang E, Cipriani C, Wright C, Crisp E, Kirmani B . Use of intravenous levetiracetam for management of acute seizures in neonates. Pediatr Neurol 2011; 44 (4): 265\u2013269.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"BFjp2016206_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.05.008","volume":"49","author":"O Khan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khan O, Cipriani C, Wright C, Crisp E, Kirmani B . Role of intravenous levetiracetam for acute seizure management in preterm neonates. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 49 (5): 340\u2013343.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"BFjp2016206_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.07.021","volume":"51","author":"R \u0130\u015fg\u00fcder","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u0130\u015fg\u00fcder R, G\u00fczel O, A\u011f\u0131n H, Y\u0131lmaz \u00dc, Akarcan SE, Celik T et al. Efficacy and safety of IV levetiracetam in children with acute repetitive seizures. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 51 (5): 688\u2013695.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"BFjp2016206_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.01.017","volume":"36","author":"H Tekg\u00fcl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tekg\u00fcl H, Gencpinar P, \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu D, D\u00fcndar NO . The efficacy, tolerability and safety of levetiracetam therapy in a pediatric population. Seizure 2016; 36: 16\u201321.","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"3","key":"BFjp2016206_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2016.01.006","volume":"20","author":"A Arzimanoglou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arzimanoglou A, L\u00f6sch C, Garate P, Bentz J . Safety of levetiracetam among infants younger than 12 months\u2014results from a European multicenter observational study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20 (3): 368\u2013375.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"BFjp2016206_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.126250","volume":"323","author":"J Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim J, Kondratyev A, Gale K . Antiepileptic drug-induced neuronal cell death in the immature brain: effects of carbamazepine, topiramate, and levetiracetam as monotherapy versus polytherapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323 (1): 165\u2013173.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"BFjp2016206_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01285.x","volume":"48","author":"J-S Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim J-S, Kondratyev A, Tomita Y, Gale K . Neurodevelopmental impact of antiepileptic drugs and seizures in the immature brain. Epilepsia 2007; 48 (Suppl 5): 19\u201326.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"BFjp2016206_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13335","volume":"57","author":"L Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown L, Gutherz S, Kulick C, Soper C, Kondratyev A, Forcelli PA . Profile of retigabine-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat brain. Epilepsia 2016; 57 (4): 660\u2013670.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"BFjp2016206_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182088297","volume":"76","author":"R Shallcross","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shallcross R, Bromley RL, Irwin B, Bonnett LJ, Morrow J, Baker GA et al. Child development following in utero exposure: levetiracetam vs sodium valproate. Neurology 2011; 76 (4): 383\u2013389.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"BFjp2016206_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000030","volume":"82","author":"R Shallcross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shallcross R, Bromley RL, Cheyne CP, Garcia-Fi\u00f1ana M, Irwin B, Morrow J et al. In utero exposure to levetiracetam vs valproate: development and language at 3 years of age. Neurology 2014; 82 (3): 213\u2013221.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"BFjp2016206_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(75)80604-4","volume":"87","author":"JW Hanson","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hanson JW, Smith DW . The fetal hydantoin syndrome. J Pediatr 1975; 87 (2): 285\u2013290.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"BFjp2016206_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(92)90039-D","volume":"14","author":"D Vanoverloop","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vanoverloop D, Schnell RR, Harvey EA, Holmes LB . The effects of prenatal exposure to phenytoin and other anticonvulsants on intellectual function at 4 to 8 years of age. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1992; 14 (5): 329\u2013335.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"issue":"10","key":"BFjp2016206_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510340057034","volume":"271","author":"D Scolnik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scolnik D, Nulman I, Rovet J, Gladstone D, Czuchta D, Gardner HA et al. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy. JAMA 1994; 271 (10): 767\u2013770.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"BFjp2016206_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908123410704","volume":"341","author":"MJ Painter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Painter MJ, Scher MS, Stein AD, Armatti S, Wang Z, Gardiner JC et al. Phenobarbital compared with phenytoin for the treatment of neonatal seizures. N Engl J Med 1999; 341 (7): 485\u2013489.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"BFjp2016206_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01659.x","volume":"99","author":"M Vento","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vento M, de Vries LS, Alberola A, Blennow M, Steggerda S, Greisen G et al. Approach to seizures in the neonatal period: a European perspective. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99 (4): 497\u2013501.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/jp2016206.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/jp2016206","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/jp2016206.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T13:12:13Z","timestamp":1647609133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/jp2016206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BFjp2016206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jp.2016.206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0743-8346","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2016","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2016","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2016","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Y-T Ng is on the speakers\u2019 bureau for Upsher-Smith Pharmaceuticals, UBC Pharma, Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals, Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Cyberonics, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Zogenix Pharmaceuticals, has been a consultant for Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals and Eisai Pharmaceuticals and is an associate editor for <i>Pediatric Neurology.<\/i> VT has been a consultant for Chiesi USA. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}