{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:22:33Z","timestamp":1792401753521,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]],"date-time":"2017-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]],"date-time":"2017-10-03T13:55:35Z","timestamp":1507038935000},"page":"59-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":223,"title":["The effects of ketamine on dopaminergic function: meta-analysis and review of the implications for neuropsychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Kokkinou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A H","family":"Ashok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O D","family":"Howes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01394-2","volume":"51","author":"R Dingledine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Traynelis SF . The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacol Rev 1999; 51: 7\u201361.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR2","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report, 2013; https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/secured\/wdr\/wdr2013\/World_Drug_Report_2013.pdf ."},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004","volume":"51","author":"JH Krystal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R, Bremner JD et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 199\u2013214.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00036-5","volume":"17","author":"AK Malhotra","year":"1997","unstructured":"Malhotra AK, Pinals DA, Adler CM, Elman I, Clifton A, Pickar D et al. Ketamine-induced exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in neuroleptic-free schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 17: 141\u2013150.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(94)00131-I","volume":"13","author":"AC Lahti","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lahti AC, Koffel B, LaPorte D, Tamminga CA . Subanesthetic doses of ketamine stimulate psychosis in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995; 13: 9\u201319.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.249","volume":"22","author":"CA Zarate Jr.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zarate CA Jr., Machado-Vieira R . Ketamine: translating mechanistic discoveries into the next generation of glutamate modulators for mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22: 324\u2013327.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00230-9","volume":"47","author":"RM Berman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, Oren DA, Heninger GR, Charney DS et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 351\u2013354.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716000064","volume":"46","author":"T Kishimoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kishimoto T, Chawla JM, Hagi K, Zarate CA, Kane JM, Bauer M et al. Single-dose infusion ketamine and non-ketamine N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists for unipolar and bipolar depression: a meta-analysis of efficacy, safety and time trajectories. Psychol Med 2016; 46: 1459\u20131472.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00172","volume":"6","author":"CF Zorumski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zorumski CF, Nagele P, Mennerick S, Conway CR . Treatment-resistant major depression: rationale for NMDA receptors as targets and nitrous oxide as therapy. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6: 172.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04601.x","volume":"34","author":"Q Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu Q, Ming Z, Dart AM, Du XJ . Optimizing dosage of ketamine and xylazine in murine echocardiography. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34: 499\u2013507.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.05.041","volume":"63","author":"M Chatterjee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chatterjee M, Verma R, Ganguly S, Palit G . Neurochemical and molecular characterization of ketamine-induced experimental psychosis model in mice. Neuropharmacology 2012;.63: 1161\u20131171.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00510-6","volume":"763","author":"M Irifune","year":"1997","unstructured":"Irifune M, Fukuda T, Nomoto M, Sato T, Kamata Y, Nishikawa T et al. Effects of ketamine on dopamine metabolism during anesthesia in discrete brain regions in mice: comparison with the effects during the recovery and subanesthetic phases. Brain Res 1997; 763: 281\u2013284.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90571-I","volume":"40","author":"M Irifune","year":"1991","unstructured":"Irifune M, Shimizu T, Nomoto M . Ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion associated with alteration of presynaptic components of dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens of mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 40: 399\u2013407.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.12.012","volume":"177","author":"H Kamiyama","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kamiyama H, Matsumoto M, Otani S, Kimura SI, Shimamura KI, Ishikawa S et al. Mechanisms underlying ketamine-induced synaptic depression in rat hippocampus-medial prefrontal cortex pathway. Neuroscience 2011; 177: 159\u2013169.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.04.014","volume":"37","author":"CC Lai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lai CC, Lee LJ, Yin HS . Combinational effects of ketamine and amphetamine on behaviors and neurotransmitter systems of mice. Neurotoxicology 2013; 37: 136\u2013143.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00255-2","volume":"759","author":"N Lindefors","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lindefors N, Barati S, OConnor WT . Differential effects of single and repeated ketamine administration on dopamine, serotonin and GABA transmission in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 1997; 759: 205\u2013212.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00652-8","volume":"117","author":"DS Lorrain","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lorrain DS, Baccei CS, Bristow LJ, Anderson JJ, Varney MA . Effects of ketamine and N-methyl-D-aspartate on glutamate and dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex: modulation by a group II selective metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist LY379268. Neuroscience 2003; 117: 697\u2013706.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02921.1997","volume":"17","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Adams B, Verma A, Daly D . Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 2921\u20132927.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11317","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1491-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"S Sorce","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sorce S, Schiavone S, Tucci P, Colaianna M, Jaquet V, Cuomo V et al. The NADPH oxidase NOX2 controls glutamate release: a novel mechanism involved in psychosis-like ketamine responses. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 11317\u201311325.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-004-6918-7","volume":"24","author":"J Vaisanen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vaisanen J, Ihalainen J, Tanila H, Castren E . Effects of NMDA-receptor antagonist treatment on c-fos expression in rat brain areas implicated in schizophrenia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004; 24: 769\u2013780.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-01-00373.1996","volume":"16","author":"A Verma","year":"1996","unstructured":"Verma A, Moghaddam B . NMDA receptor antagonists impair prefrontal cortex function as assessed via spatial delayed alternation performance in rats: Modulation by dopamine. J Neurosci 1996;.16: 373\u2013379.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.116.233627","volume":"358","author":"JM Witkin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Witkin JM, Monn JA, Schoepp DD, Li X, Overshiner C, Mitchell SN et al. The rapidly acting antidepressant ketamine and the mGlu2\/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 rapidly engage dopaminergic mood circuits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358: 71\u201382.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.08.017","volume":"256","author":"Y Usun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Usun Y, Eybrard S, Meyer F, Louilot A . Ketamine increases striatal dopamine release and hyperlocomotion in adult rats after postnatal functional blockade of the prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256: 229\u2013237.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200301000-00030","volume":"96","author":"M Masuzawa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Masuzawa M, Nakao S, Miyamoto E, Yamada M, Murao K, Nishi K et al. Pentobarbital inhibits ketamine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 148\u2013152, table of contents.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0344-0","volume":"186","author":"CL Littlewood","year":"2006","unstructured":"Littlewood CL, Jones N, O'Neill MJ, Mitchell SN, Tricklebank M, Williams SC . Mapping the central effects of ketamine in the rat using pharmacological MRI. Psychopharmacology 2006; 186: 64\u201381.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043947","volume":"7","author":"S Tan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tan S, Lam WP, Wai MS, Yu WH, Yew DT . Chronic ketamine administration modulates midbrain dopamine system in mice. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e43947.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115573809","volume":"29","author":"KS El Iskandrani","year":"2015","unstructured":"El Iskandrani KS, Oosterhof CA, El Mansari M, Blier P . Impact of subanesthetic doses of ketamine on AMPA-mediated responses in rats: an in vivo electrophysiological study on monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurons. J Psychopharmacol 2015;.29: 792\u2013801.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.04.014","volume":"76","author":"P Belujon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belujon P, Grace AA . Restoring mood balance in depression: ketamine reverses deficit in dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity. Biol Psychiatry 2014;.76: 927\u2013936.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90823-R","volume":"119","author":"ED French","year":"1990","unstructured":"French ED, Ceci A . Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists are potent activators of ventral tegmental A10 dopamine neurons. Neurosci Lett 1990; 119: 159\u2013162.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043947","volume":"7","author":"S Tan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tan S, Lam WP, Wai MSM, Yu WHA, Yew DT . Chronic ketamine administration modulates midbrain dopamine system in mice. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e43947.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(92)90105-K","volume":"14","author":"G Micheletti","year":"1992","unstructured":"Micheletti G, Lannes B, Haby C, Borrelli E, Kempf E, Warter JM et al. Chronic administration of NMDA antagonists induces D2 receptor synthesis in rat striatum. Mol Brain Res 1992; 14: 363\u2013368.","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)33505-6","volume":"224","author":"TJ McCown","year":"1983","unstructured":"McCown TJ, Mueller RA, Breese GR . Effects of anesthetics and electrical stimulation on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983; 224: 489\u2013493.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.10.017","volume":"227","author":"JJ Ke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ke JJ, Chen HI, Jen CJ, Kuo YM, Cherng CG, Tsai YPN et al. Mutual enhancement of central neurotoxicity induced by ketamine followed by methamphetamine. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2008; 227: 239\u2013247.","journal-title":"Toxicology and applied pharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.176","volume":"38","author":"S Yamamoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Ohba H, Nishiyama S, Harada N, Kakiuchi T, Tsukada H et al. Subanesthetic doses of ketamine transiently decrease serotonin transporter activity: a PET study in conscious monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38: 2666\u20132674.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91263-7","volume":"663","author":"H Onoe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Onoe H, Inoue O, Suzuki K, Tsukada H, Itoh T, Mataga N et al. Ketamine increases the striatal N-[C-11]Methylspiperone binding in-vivo - positron emission tomography study using conscious rhesus-monkey. Brain Res 1994; 663: 191\u2013198.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(200008)37:2<95::AID-SYN3>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"37","author":"H Tsukada","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsukada H, Harada N, Nishiyama S, Ohba H, Sato K, Fukumoto D et al. Ketamine decreased striatal [(11)C]raclopride binding with no alterations in static dopamine concentrations in the striatal extracellular fluid in the monkey brain: multiparametric PET studies combined with microdialysis analysis. Synapse 2000; 37: 95\u2013103.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.1114","volume":"43","author":"BW Adams","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adams BW, Bradberry CW, Moghaddam B . NMDA antagonist effects on striatal dopamine release: microdialysis studies in awake monkeys. Synapse 2002; 43: 12\u201318.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0692-7","volume":"267","author":"K Hashimoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hashimoto K, Kakiuchi T, Ohba H, Nishiyama S, Tsukada H . Reduction of dopamine D2\/3 receptor binding in the striatum after a single administration of esketamine, but not R-ketamine: a PET study in conscious monkeys. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267: 173\u2013176.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10012","volume":"42","author":"H Tsukada","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tsukada H, Nishiyama S, Kakiuchi T, Ohba H, Sato K, Harada N . Ketamine alters the availability of striatal dopamine transporter as measured by [C-11]beta-CFT and [C-11]beta-CIT-FE in the monkey brain. Synapse 2001; 42: 273\u2013280.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20059","volume":"54","author":"N Harada","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harada N, Ohba H, Fukumoto D, Kakiuchi T, Tsukada H . Potential of [(18)F]beta-CFT-FE (2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)nortropane) as a dopamine transporter ligand: A PET study in the conscious monkey brain. Synapse 2004; 54: 37\u201345.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199806)29:2<142::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-7","volume":"29","author":"A Breier","year":"1998","unstructured":"Breier A, Adler CM, Weisenfeld N, Su TP, Elman I, Picken L et al. Effects of NMDA antagonism on striatal dopamine release in healthy subjects: application of a novel PET approach. Synapse 1998; 29: 142\u2013147.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00092-4","volume":"18","author":"GS Smith","year":"1998","unstructured":"Smith GS, Schloesser R, Brodie JD, Dewey SL, Logan J, Vitkun SA et al. Glutamate modulation of dopamine measured in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) and 11C-raclopride in normal human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 18: 18\u201325.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(99)00031-X","volume":"34","author":"FX Vollenweider","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vollenweider FX, Vontobel P, Oye I, Hell D, Leenders KL . Effects of (S)-ketamine on striatal dopamine: a [11C]raclopride PET study of a model psychosis in humans. J Psychiatr Res 2000; 34: 35\u201343.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0092-6","volume":"182","author":"S Aalto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aalto S, Ihalainen J, Hirvonen J, Kajander J, Scheinin H, Tanila H et al. Cortical glutamate-dopamine interaction and ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in man. Psychopharmacology 2005; 182: 375\u2013383.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1236-6","volume":"164","author":"S Aalto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aalto S, Hirvonen J, Kajander J, Scheinin H, Nagren K, Vilkman H et al. Ketamine does not decrease striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding in man. Psychopharmacology 2002; 164: 401\u2013406.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00976-8","volume":"48","author":"LS Kegeles","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kegeles LS, Abi-Dargham A, Zea-Ponce Y, Rodenhiser-Hill J, Mann JJ, Van Heertum RL et al. Modulation of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release by ketamine in humans: implications for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 627\u2013640.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10010","volume":"43","author":"LS Kegeles","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kegeles LS, Martinez D, Kochan LD, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Mawlawi O et al. NMDA antagonist effects on striatal dopamine release: positron emission tomography studies in humans. Synapse 2002; 43: 19\u201329.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107077767","volume":"21","author":"EA Rabiner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rabiner EA . Imaging of striatal dopamine release elicited with NMDA antagonists: there anything there to be seen? J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21: 253\u2013258.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.05.005","volume":"33","author":"A Egerton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Egerton A, Mehta MA, Montgomery AJ, Lappin JM, Howes OD, Reeves SJ et al. The dopaminergic basis of human behaviors: a review of molecular imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33: 1109\u20131132.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb02919.x","volume":"50","author":"SP Butcher","year":"1988","unstructured":"Butcher SP, Fairbrother IS, Kelly JS, Arbuthnott GW . Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study. J Neurochem 1988; 50: 346\u2013355.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0135","volume":"74","author":"AH Ashok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashok AH, Mizuno Y, Volkow ND, Howes OD . Association of stimulant use with dopaminergic alterations in users of cocaine, amphetamine, or methamphetamine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74: 511\u2013519.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200003000-00001","volume":"20","author":"M Laruelle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Laruelle M . Imaging synaptic neurotransmission with in vivo binding competition techniques: a critical review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20: 423\u2013451.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2569","volume":"94","author":"A Breier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Breier A, Su TP, Saunders R, Carson RE, Kolachana BS, de Bartolomeis A et al. Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 2569\u20132574.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.115","volume":"32","author":"P Shotbolt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shotbolt P, Tziortzi AC, Searle GE, Colasanti A, van der Aart J, Abanades S et al. Within-subject comparison of [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO and [(11)C]raclopride sensitivity to acute amphetamine challenge in healthy humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32: 127\u2013136.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.12.2352","volume":"162","author":"R Narendran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Narendran R, Frankle WG, Keefe R, Gil R, Martinez D, Slifstein M et al. Altered prefrontal dopaminergic function in chronic recreational ketamine users. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 2352\u20132359.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90163-X","volume":"45","author":"TS Rao","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rao TS, Kim HS, Lehmann J, Martin LL, Wood PL . Differential effects of phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine on mesocortical and mesostriatal dopamine release in vivo. Life Sci 1989; 45: 1065\u20131072.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.116.239228","volume":"361","author":"K Fukumoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fukumoto K, Toki H, Iijima M, Hashihayata T, Yamaguchi JI, Hashimoto K et al. Antidepressant potential of (R)-ketamine in rodent models: comparison with (S)-ketamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361: 9\u201316.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17998","volume":"533","author":"P Zanos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, Georgiou P, Fischell J, Elmer GI et al. NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites. Nature 2016; 533: 481\u2013486.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-05-01325.1991","volume":"11","author":"C Beyer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Beyer C, Pilgrim C, Reisert I . Dopamine content and metabolism in mesencephalic and diencephalic cell cultures: sex differences and effects of sex steroids. J Neurosci 1991; 11: 1325\u20131333.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00875.2004","volume":"93","author":"L Homayoun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Homayoun L, Jackson ME, Moghaddam B . Activation of metabotropic glutamate 2\/3 receptors reverses the effects of NMDA receptor hypofunction on prefrontal cortex unit activity in awake rats. J Neurophysiol 2005; 93: 1989\u20132001.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(99)00029-1","volume":"33","author":"JW Olney","year":"1999","unstructured":"Olney JW, Newcomer JW, Farber NB . NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33: 523\u2013533.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.394","volume":"162","author":"LM Rowland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rowland LM, Bustillo JR, Mullins PG, Jung RE, Lenroot R, Landgraf E et al. Effects of ketamine on anterior cingulate glutamate metabolism in healthy humans: a 4-T proton MRS study. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 394\u2013396.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.171","volume":"17","author":"JM Stone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stone JM, Dietrich C, Edden R, Mehta MA, De Simoni S, Reed LJ et al. Ketamine effects on brain GABA and glutamate levels with 1H-MRS: relationship to ketamine-induced psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17: 664\u2013665.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1681","volume":"24","author":"SY Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim SY, Lee H, Kim HJ, Bang E, Lee SH, Lee DW et al. In vivo and ex vivo evidence for ketamine-induced hyperglutamatergic activity in the cerebral cortex of the rat: potential relevance to schizophrenia. NMR Biomed 2011; 24: 1235\u20131242.","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-053013-062946","volume":"66","author":"CG Abdallah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdallah CG, Sanacora G, Duman RS, Krystal JH . Ketamine and rapid-acting antidepressants: a window into a new neurobiology for mood disorder therapeutics. Annu Rev Med 2015; 66: 509\u2013523.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90012-2","volume":"28","author":"E Carboni","year":"1989","unstructured":"Carboni E, Imperato A, Perezzani L, Di Chiara G . Amphetamine, cocaine, phencyclidine and nomifensine increase extracellular dopamine concentrations preferentially in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Neuroscience 1989; 28: 653\u2013661.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199803000-00029","volume":"88","author":"M Nishimura","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nishimura M, Sato K, Okada T, Yoshiya I, Schloss P, Shimada S et al. Ketamine inhibits monoamine transporters expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Anesthesiology 1998; 88: 768\u2013774.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001682","volume":"10","author":"P Seeman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seeman P, Ko F, Tallerico T . Dopamine receptor contribution to the action of PCP, LSD and ketamine psychotomimetics. Mol Psychiatry 2005;.10: 877\u2013883.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-07-02697.1998","volume":"18","author":"SR Sesack","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sesack SR, Hawrylak VA, Matus C, Guido MA, Levey AI . Dopamine axon varicosities in the prelimbic division of the rat prefrontal cortex exhibit sparse immunoreactivity for the dopamine transporter. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 2697\u20132708.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890040209","volume":"4","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"1989","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Bunney BS . Differential effect of cocaine on extracellular dopamine levels in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens: comparison to amphetamine. Synapse 1989; 4: 156\u2013161.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05545.1998","volume":"18","author":"B Adams","year":"1998","unstructured":"Adams B, Moghaddam B . Corticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission is temporally dissociated from the cognitive and locomotor effects of phencyclidine. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 5545\u20135554.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1349","volume":"281","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Adams BW . Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats. Science 1998; 281: 1349\u20131352.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.12.003","volume":"62","author":"L Lecourtier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lecourtier L, Homayoun H, Tamagnan G, Moghaddam B . Positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutarnate 5 (rnGlu5) receptors reverses N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist-induced alteration of neuronal firing in prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62: 739\u2013746.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90503-V","volume":"217","author":"ED French","year":"1992","unstructured":"French ED . Competitive Nmda receptor antagonists attenuate phencyclidine-induced excitations of A10 dopamine neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 217: 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050201","volume":"106","author":"MB Hesselink","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hesselink MB, De Boer AG, Breimer DD, Danysz W . Dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex in response to memantine following sub-chronic NMDA receptor blockade with memantine: a microdialysis study in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1999; 106: 803\u2013818.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05545.1998","volume":"18","author":"B Adams","year":"1998","unstructured":"Adams B, Moghaddam B . Corticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission is temporally dissociated from the cognitive and locomotor effects of phencyclidine. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 5545\u20135554.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0092-6","volume":"182","author":"S Aalto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aalto S, Ihalainen J, Hirvonen J, Kajander J, Scheinin H, Tanila H et al. Cortical glutamate-dopamine interaction and ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in man. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 182: 375\u2013383.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR78","first-page":"30p","volume":"40","author":"LS Kegeles","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kegeles LS, Zea-Ponce Y, Abi-Dargham A, Schneider D, Van Heertum R, Mann JJ et al. Ketamine modulation of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release in humans measured by [I-123 I]IBZM SPECT. J Nucl Med 1999; 40: 30p\u201330p.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(93)90013-P","volume":"18","author":"TE Robinson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Robinson TE, Berridge KC . The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1993; 18: 247\u2013291.","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.12.1386","volume":"63","author":"I Boileau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boileau I, Dagher A, Leyton M, Gunn RN, Baker GB, Diksic M et al. Modeling sensitization to stimulants in humans: an [11C]raclopride\/positron emission tomography study in healthy men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 1386\u20131395.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300916","volume":"31","author":"P Riccardi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Riccardi P, Li R, Ansari MS, Zald D, Park S, Dawant B et al. Amphetamine-induced displacement of [18F] fallypride in striatum and extrastriatal regions in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 1016\u20131026.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20153","volume":"539","author":"MA Bloomfield","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bloomfield MA, Ashok AH, Volkow ND, Howes OD . The effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the dopamine system. Nature 2016; 539: 369\u2013377.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0135","volume":"74","author":"AH Ashok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashok AH, Mizuno Y, Volkow N, Howes OD . Association of stimulants with dopaminergic alterations in users of cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, In press 2017; 74: 511\u2013519.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90137-O","volume":"32","author":"S Kapur","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kapur S, Mann JJ . Role of the dopaminergic system in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 32: 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.327","volume":"64","author":"BW Dunlop","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dunlop BW, Nemeroff CB . The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 327\u2013337.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.04.002","volume":"20","author":"KR Luking","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luking KR, Pagliaccio D, Luby JL, Barch DM . Reward processing and risk for depression across development. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20: 456\u2013468.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.12.012","volume":"61","author":"K Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu K, Krystal JH, Ning Y, Chen da C, He H, Wang D et al. Preliminary analysis of positive and negative syndrome scale in ketamine-associated psychosis in comparison with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 61: 64\u201372.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3354-8","volume":"231","author":"JM Stone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stone JM, Pepper F, Fam J, Furby H, Hughes E, Morgan C et al. Glutamate, N-acetyl aspartate and psychotic symptoms in chronic ketamine users. Psychopharmacology 2014; 231: 2107\u20132116.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x","volume":"107","author":"CJ Morgan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morgan CJ, Curran HV . Ketamine use: a review. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2012; 107: 27\u201338.","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.232","volume":"38","author":"R Mizrahi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mizrahi R, Suridjan I, Kenk M, George TP, Wilson A, Houle S et al. Dopamine response to psychosocial stress in chronic cannabis users: a PET study with [11C]-+-PHNO. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38: 673\u2013682.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.514","volume":"66","author":"OD Howes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howes OD, Montgomery AJ, Asselin MC, Murray RM, Valli I, Tabraham P et al. Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 13\u201320.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010160","volume":"168","author":"OD Howes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Howes OD, Bose SK, Turkheimer F, Valli I, Egerton A, Valmaggia LR et al. Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 1311\u20131317.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.20","volume":"16","author":"O Howes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Howes O, Bose S, Turkheimer F, Valli I, Egerton A, Stahl D et al. Progressive increase in striatal dopamine synthesis capacity as patients develop psychosis: a PET study. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16: 885\u2013886.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp2017190_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000764","volume":"16","author":"I Vernaleken","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vernaleken I, Klomp M, Moeller O, Raptis M, Nagels A, Rosch F et al. Vulnerability to psychotogenic effects of ketamine is associated with elevated D-2\/3-receptor availability. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16: 745\u2013754.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp2017190.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp2017190","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/mp.2017.190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp2017190.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:04:24Z","timestamp":1750896264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp2017190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFmp2017190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2017.190","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2017","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2017","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2017","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"MK conducts research funded by Medical Research Council. AHA conducts research funded by Medical Research Council and King\u2019s College London. ODH conducts research funded by the Medical Research Council (UK), the National Institute of Health Research (UK) and the Maudsley Charity. ODH has received investigator-initiated research funding from and\/or participated in advisory\/speaker meetings organised by Astra-Zeneca, BMS, Eli Lilly, Jansenn, Lundbeck, Lyden-Delta, Servier and Roche.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}