{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:51:11Z","timestamp":1792497071222,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.75","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T04:33:14Z","timestamp":1493094794000},"page":"1198-1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":779,"title":["Autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of executive function"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"E A","family":"Demetriou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Lampit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D S","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S L","family":"Naismith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y J C","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J E","family":"Pye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Hickie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A J","family":"Guastella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFmp201775_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. Washington DC, 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.4.974","volume":"43","author":"E Pellicano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pellicano E . Links between theory of mind and executive function in young children with autism: clues to developmental primacy. Dev Psychol 2007; 43: 974\u2013990.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1005066","volume":"22","author":"RC Leung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leung RC, Vogan VM, Powell TL, Anagnostou E, Taylor MJ . The role of executive functions in social impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 22: 336\u2013344.","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2473-y","volume":"45","author":"MA Mostert-Kerckhoffs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mostert-Kerckhoffs MA, Staal WG, Houben RH, Jonge MV . Stop and change: inhibition and flexibility skills are related to repetitive behavior in children and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45: 3148\u20133158.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2438-1","volume":"45","author":"M de Vries","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Vries M, Geurts H . Influence of autism traits and executive functioning on quality of life in children with an autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45: 2734\u20132743.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR6","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"MD Lezak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, Tranel D . Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press: New York, 2012."},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9250-0","volume":"24","author":"JO Maximo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maximo JO, Cadena EJ, Kana RK . The implications of brain connectivity in the neuropsychology of autism. Neuropsychol Rev 2014; 24: 16\u201331.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.02.008","volume":"66","author":"LE Libero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Libero LE, DeRamus TP, Lahti AC, Deshpande G, Kana RK . Multimodal neuroimaging based classification of autism spectrum disorder using anatomical, neurochemical, and white mattter correlates. Cortex 2015; 66: 46\u201359.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.02.024","volume":"7","author":"JS Nomi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nomi JS, Uddin LQ . Developmental changes in large-scale network connectivity in autism. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 7: 732\u2013741.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1369","volume":"7","author":"HM Geurts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geurts HM, van den Bergh SF, Ruzzano L . Prepotent response inhibition and interference control in autism spectrum disorders: two meta-analyses. Autism Res 2014; 7: 407\u2013420.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.006","volume":"57","author":"EG Willcutt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, Faraone SV, Pennington BF . Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 57: 1336\u20131346.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.06.011","volume":"8","author":"S Kercood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kercood S, Grskovic JA, Banda D, Begeske J . Working memory and autism: a review of literature. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2014; 8: 1316\u20131332.","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-5-14","volume":"5","author":"EM Barendse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barendse EM, Hendriks MP, Jansen JF, Backes WH, Hofman PA, Thoonen G et al. Working memory deficits in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: neuropsychological and neuroimaging correlates. J Neurodev Disord 2013; 5: 1\u201311.","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/h0101279","volume":"8","author":"FR Czermainski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Czermainski FR, Bosa CA, Mina CS, Meimes MA, Miranda MC, Carim D et al. Performance of children\/adolescents with autism spectrum disorders in executive function: study of case series. Psychol Neurosci 2015; 8: 305\u2013320.","journal-title":"Psychol Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.2.71.8724","volume":"8","author":"P Anderson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anderson P . Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychol 2002; 8: 71\u201382.","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9040-z","volume":"17","author":"MB Jurado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jurado MB, Rosselli M . The elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding. Neuropsychol Rev 2007; 17: 213\u2013233.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000527","volume":"20","author":"K O'Hearn","year":"2008","unstructured":"O'Hearn K, Asato M, Ordaz S, Luna B . Neurodevelopment and executive function in autism. Dev Psychopathol 2008; 20: 1103\u20131132.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809351313","volume":"25","author":"J Griebling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Griebling J, Minshew NJ, Bodner K, Libove R, Bansal R, Konasale P et al. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex magnetic resonance imaging measurements and cognitive performance in autism. J Child Neurol 2010; 25: 856\u2013863.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00543.2015","volume":"114","author":"ML Gonzalez-Gadea","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Chennu S, Bekinschtein TA, Rattazzi A, Beraudi A, Tripicchio P et al. Predictive coding in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114: 2625\u20132636.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0689-1","volume":"24","author":"L van Eylen","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Eylen L, Boets B, Steyaert J, Wagemans J, Noens I . Executive functioning in autism spectrum disorders: influence of task and sample characteristics and relation to symptom severity. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24: 1399\u20133417.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2136-4","volume":"44","author":"RC Leung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leung RC, Zakzanis KK . Brief report: cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorders: a quantitative review. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44: 2628\u20132645.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG . Preferred Reporting System for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLOS Med 2009; 6: e1000097.","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","volume":"283","author":"DF Stroup","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stroup DF, Berlin DA, Morton SC, Ilkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA 2000; 283: 2008\u20132012.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR24","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn. Washington DC, 1980."},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2601_1","volume":"26","author":"KA Espy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Espy KA . Using developmental, cognitive and neuroscience approaches to understand executive control in young children. Dev Neuropsychol 2004; 26: 379\u2013384.","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","volume":"41","author":"A Miyaki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Miyaki A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager TD . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \"frontal lobe\" tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol 2000; 41: 49\u2013100.","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01516.x","volume":"18","author":"S Armijo-Olivo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Armijo-Olivo S, Stiles CR, Hagen NA, Biondo PD, Cummings GG . Assessment of study quality for systematic reviews: a comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool: methodological research. J Eval Clin Pract 2012; 18: 12\u201318.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG . Measuring inconsistencies in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003; 327: 557\u2013560.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR29","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J . Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, 1988."},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.6.3.235.3152","volume":"6","author":"G Gioia","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gioia G, Isquith PK, Guy SC, Kenworthy L . Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychol 2000; 6: 235\u2013238.","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1996.8.4.371","volume":"8","author":"FJ Scott","year":"1996","unstructured":"Scott FJ, Baron-Cohen S . Imagining real and unreal things: evidence of a dissociation in autism. J Cogn Neurosci 1996; 8: 371\u2013382.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059730","volume":"8","author":"A Kushki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kushki A, Drumm E, Pla Mobarak M, Tanel N, Dupuis A, Chau T et al. Investigating the autonomic nervous system response to anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e59730.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.09.003","volume":"36","author":"EM Vissers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vissers EM, Cohen MX, Geurts HM . Brain connectivity and high functioning autism: a promising path of research that needs refined models, methodological convergence, and stronger behavioural links. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36: 604\u2013625.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-25","volume":"4","author":"Y Aoki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aoki Y, Abe O, Nippashi Y, Yamasue H . Comparison of white matter integrity between auism spectrum disorder subjects and typically developing individuals: a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging tractography studies. Mol Autism 2013; 4: 25.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01611.x","volume":"47","author":"S-J Blakemore","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blakemore S-J, Choudhury S . Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006; 47: 296\u2013312.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1179\/2047387714Y.0000000047","volume":"60","author":"HM Geurts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geurts HM, Sinzig J, Booth R, Happe F . Neuropsychological heterogeneity in executive functioning in autism spectrum disorders. Int J Dev Disabil 2014; 60: 155\u2013162.","journal-title":"Int J Dev Disabil"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2539-x","volume":"46","author":"JH Foss-Feig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Foss-Feig JH, McPartland JC, Anticevic A, Wolf J . Re-conceptualizing ASD within a dimensional framework: positive, negative, and cognitive feature clusters. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46: 342\u2013351.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-010-9179-x","volume":"18","author":"PD McGorry","year":"2010","unstructured":"McGorry PD . Staging in neuropsychiatry: a heuristic model for understanding prevention and treatment. Neurotox Res 2010; 18: 244\u2013255.","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20144","volume":"13","author":"P McGorry","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGorry P, Keshavan M, Goldstone S, Amminger P, Allott K, Berk M et al. Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2014; 13: 211\u2013223.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFmp201775_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1361","volume":"7","author":"MJ Hollocks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hollocks MJ, Jones CR, Pickles A, Baird G, Happe F, Charman T et al. The association between social cognition and executive functioning and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res 2014; 7: 216\u2013228.","journal-title":"Autism Res"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp201775.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp201775","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/mp.2017.75","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp201775.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T14:18:38Z","timestamp":1684419518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/mp201775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFmp201775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2017.75","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2017","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2017","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2017","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"IH is a Commissioner in Australia\u2019s new National Mental Health Commission from 2012. He was a director of headspace: the national youth mental health foundation until January 2012. He was previously the chief executive officer (till 2003) and clinical adviser (till 2006) of beyondblue, an Australian National Depression Initiative. He is the Co-Director, Health and Policy at the Brain and Mind Centre that operates two early-intervention youth services under contract to headspace. He has led a range of community-based and pharmaceutical industry-supported depression awareness and education and training programs. He has led projects for health professionals and the community supported by governmental, community agency and pharmaceutical industry partners (Wyeth, Eli Lily, Servier, Pfizer, AstraZeneca) for the identification and management of depression and anxiety. He has received honoraria for presentations of his own work at educational seminars supported by a number of non-government organisations and the pharmaceutical industry (including Servier, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly). He is a member of the Medical Advisory Panel for Medibank Private and also a Board Member of Psychosis Australia Trust. He leads an investigator-initiated study of the effects of agomelatine on circadian parameters (supported in part by Servier) and has participated in a multicentre clinical trial of the effects of agomelatine on sleep architecture in depression and a Servier-supported study of major depression and sleep disturbance in primary care settings. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}