{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:48:14Z","timestamp":1791244094532,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6979","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature02331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,10]],"date-time":"2004-03-10T13:25:31Z","timestamp":1078925131000},"page":"182-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":416,"title":["Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated MVA smallpox vaccine and protection against monkeypox"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"428","author":[{"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Earl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Americo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Wyatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh Anne","family":"Eller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Charles","family":"Whitbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary H.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roselyn J.","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Kulesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Mucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Shamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan H.","family":"Zwiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Huggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Jahrling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFnature02331_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1086\/375825","volume":"37","author":"VA Fulginiti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fulginiti, V. A., Papier, A., Lane, J. M., Neff, J. M. & Henderson, D. A. Smallpox vaccination: a review, part II. Adverse events. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37, 251\u2013271 (2003)","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01641272","volume":"3","author":"A Mayr","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mayr, A., Hochstein-Mintzel, V. & Stickl, H. Abstammung, eigenschaften und verwendung des attenuierten vaccinia-stammes MVA [Passage history, properties, and applicability of the attenuated vaccinia virus strain MVA]. Infection 3, 6\u201314 (1975)","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-5-1031","volume":"72","author":"H Meyer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Meyer, H., Sutter, G. & Mayr, A. Mapping of deletions in the genome of the highly attenuated vaccinia virus MVA and their influence on virulence. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 1031\u20131038 (1991)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9123","volume":"244","author":"G Antoine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Antoine, G., Scheiflinger, F., Dorner, F. & Falkner, F. G. The complete genomic sequence of the modified vaccinia Ankara strain: comparison with other orthopoxviruses. Virology 244, 365\u2013396 (1998)","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8845","volume":"238","author":"M Carroll","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carroll, M. & Moss, B. Host range and cytopathogenicity of the highly attenuated MVA strain of vaccinia virus: propagation and generation of recombinant viruses in a nonhuman mammalian cell line. Virology 238, 198\u2013211 (1997)","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-2-347","volume":"79","author":"I Drexler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Drexler, I., Heller, K., Wahren, B., Erfle, V. & Sutter, G. Highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara replicates in baby hamster kidney cells, a potential host for virus propagation, but not in various human transformed and primary cells. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 347\u2013352 (1998)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-5-1159","volume":"79","author":"TJ Blanchard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blanchard, T. J., Alcami, A., Andrea, P. & Smith, G. L. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara undergoes limited replication in human cells and lacks several immunomodulatory proteins: implications for use as a human vaccine. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 1159\u20131167 (1998)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10847","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10847","volume":"89","author":"G Sutter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sutter, G. & Moss, B. Nonreplicating vaccinia vector efficiently expresses recombinant genes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10847\u201310851 (1992)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00075-5","volume":"19","author":"KJ Stittelaar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stittelaar, K. J. et al. Safety of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) in immune-suppressed macaques. Vaccine 19, 3700\u20133709 (2001)","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR10","first-page":"30","volume":"156","author":"V Hochstein-Mintzel","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hochstein-Mintzel, V., Huber, H.-C. & Stickl, H. Die orale und nasale immuniserung mit poxvirus vacciniae III. Mitteilung: tierexperimentelle untersuchungen [Oral and nasal immunization with poxvirus vaccine. Part III: experimental animal investigations]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. 156, 30\u201396 (1972)","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR11","first-page":"283","volume":"230","author":"V Hochstein-Mintzel","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hochstein-Mintzel, V., H\u00e4nichen, T., Huber, H. C. & Stickl, H. Vaccinia- und variolaprotektive wirkung des modifezierten vaccinia-stammes MVA bei intramuskul\u00e4rer immunisierung [An attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (MVA). Successful intramuscular immunization against vaccinia and variola]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. 230, 283\u2013297 (1975)","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9458","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1233578100","volume":"100","author":"IM Belyakov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Belyakov, I. M. et al. Shared modes of protection against poxvirus infection by attenuated and conventional smallpox vaccine viruses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 9458\u20139463 (2003)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1108143","volume":"99","author":"H Stickl","year":"1974","unstructured":"Stickl, H. et al. MVA-stufenimpfung gegen pocken. klinische erprobung des attenuierten pocken-lebendimpfstoffes, stamm MVA [MVA vaccination against smallpox: clinical trials of an attenuated live vaccinia virus strain (MVA)]. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 99, 2386\u20132392 (1974)","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR14","first-page":"375","volume":"167","author":"A Mayr","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mayr, A., Stickl, H., M\u00fcller, H. K., Danner, K. & Singer, H. Der pockenimpfstamm MVA: marker, genetische struktur, erfahrungen mit der parenteralen schutzimpfung und verhalten im abwehrgeschw\u00e4chten organismus [The smallpox vaccination strain MVA: marker, genetic structure, experience gained with parenteral vaccination and behavior in organisms with debilitated defense mechanism]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. 167, 375\u2013390 (1978)","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR15","first-page":"322","volume":"112","author":"A Mayr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mayr, A. History of variola, smallpox-eradication and MVA. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 112, 322\u2013328 (1999)","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780373","volume":"81","author":"GM Zaucha","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zaucha, G. M., Jahrling, P. B., Geisbert, T. W., Swearengen, J. R. & Hensley, L. The pathology of experimental aerosolized monkeypox virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Lab. Invest. 81, 1581\u20131600 (2001)","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0807.020032","volume":"8","author":"JW LeDuc","year":"2002","unstructured":"LeDuc, J. W., Damon, I., Relman, D. A., Huggins, J. & Jahrling, P. B. Smallpox research activities: U.S. interagency collaboration, 2001. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8, 743\u2013745 (2002)","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.781","volume":"34","author":"I Arita","year":"1985","unstructured":"Arita, I., Jezek, Z., Khodakevich, L. & Ruti, K. Human monkeypox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 781\u2013789 (1985)","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390811","volume":"339","author":"JG Breman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Breman, J. G. & Henderson, D. A. Poxvirus dilemmas\u2014monkeypox, smallpox, and biologic terrorism. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 556\u2013559 (1998)","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-12-2915","volume":"83","author":"GL Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith, G. L., Vanderplasschen, A. & Law, M. The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus. J. Gen. Virol. 83, 2915\u20132931 (2002)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0750","volume":"280","author":"M Law","year":"2001","unstructured":"Law, M. & Smith, G. L. Antibody neutralization of the extracellular enveloped form of vaccinia virus. Virology 280, 132\u2013142 (2001)","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0096","volume":"266","author":"JW Hooper","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hooper, J. W., Custer, D. M., Schmaljohn, C. S. & Schmaljohn, A. L. DNA vaccination with vaccinia virus L1R and A33R genes protects mice against a lethal poxvirus challenge. Virology 266, 329\u2013339 (2000)","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(02)00038-7","volume":"306","author":"JW Hooper","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hooper, J. W., Custer, D. M. & Thompson, E. Four-gene-combination DNA vaccine protects mice against a lethal vaccinia virus challenge and elicits appropriate antibody responses in nonhuman primates. Virology 306, 181\u2013195 (2003)","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9516","volume":"254","author":"MC Galmiche","year":"1999","unstructured":"Galmiche, M. C., Goenaga, J., Wittek, R. & Rindisbacher, L. Neutralizing and protective antibodies directed against vaccinia virus envelope antigens. Virology 254, 71\u201380 (1999)","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1378","volume":"211","author":"EJ Wolffe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wolffe, E. J., Vijaya, S. & Moss, B. A myristylated membrane protein encoded by the vaccinia virus L1R open reading frame is the target of potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Virology 211, 53\u201363 (1995)","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10684","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.19.10684-10688.2003","volume":"77","author":"PL Earl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Earl, P. L., Americo, J. L. & Moss, B. Development and use of a vaccinia virus neutralization assay based on flow cytometric detection of green fluorescent protein. J. Virol. 77, 10684\u201310688 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-13-1-9","volume":"13","author":"G Appleyard","year":"1971","unstructured":"Appleyard, G., Hapel, A. J. & Boulter, E. A. An antigenic difference between intracellular and extracellular rabbitpox virus. J. Gen. Virol. 13, 9\u201317 (1971)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-1-209","volume":"83","author":"M Law","year":"2002","unstructured":"Law, M., Hollinshead, R. & Smith, G. L. Antibody-sensitive and antibody-resistant cell-to-cell spread by vaccinia virus: role of the A33R protein in antibody-resistant spread. J. Gen. Virol. 83, 209\u2013222 (2002)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020025","volume":"346","author":"JG Breman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Breman, J. G. & Henderson, D. A. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1300\u20131308 (2002)","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnature02331_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(02)00025-X","volume":"262","author":"SA Speller","year":"2002","unstructured":"Speller, S. A. & Warren, A. P. Ex vivo detection and enumeration of human antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes using antigen delivery by a recombinant vaccinia expression vector and intracellular cytokine staining. J. Immunol. Methods 262, 167\u2013180 (2002)","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature02331.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature02331","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature02331.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T13:20:22Z","timestamp":1684848022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature02331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6979","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature02331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature02331","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1012114.206495","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2003","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2004","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}