{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:06:10Z","timestamp":1791421570887,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7381","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]],"date-time":"2011-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]],"date-time":"2011-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,19]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature10624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]],"date-time":"2011-11-18T11:00:50Z","timestamp":1321614050000},"page":"394-398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":561,"title":["Natural killer cells act as rheostats modulating antiviral T cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"481","author":[{"given":"Stephen N.","family":"Waggoner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Cornberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liisa K.","family":"Selin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond M.","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnature10624_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/ng934","volume":"31","author":"MP Martin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martin, M. P. et al. Epistatic interaction between KIR3DS1 and HLA-B delays the progression to AIDS. Nature Genet. 31, 429\u2013434 (2002)","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6588","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.6588","volume":"177","author":"W Jennes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jennes, W. et al. Cutting edge: resistance to HIV-1 infection among African female sex workers is associated with inhibitory KIR in the absence of their HLA ligands. J. Immunol. 177, 6588\u20136592 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097670","volume":"305","author":"SI Khakoo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khakoo, S. I. et al. HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection. Science 305, 872\u2013874 (2004)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10237","volume":"476","author":"G Alter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alter, G. et al. HIV-1 adaptation to NK-cell-mediated immune pressure. Nature 476, 96\u2013100 (2011)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.3.1531","volume":"131","author":"JF Bukowski","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bukowski, J. F., Woda, B. A., Habu, S., Okumura, K. & Welsh, R. M. Natural killer cell depletion enhances virus synthesis and virus-induced hepatitis in vivo . J. Immunol. 131, 1531\u20131538 (1983)","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030123","volume":"3","author":"SH Robbins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Robbins, S. H. et al. Natural killer cells promote early CD8 T cell responses against cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog. 3, e123 (2007)","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091193","volume":"207","author":"DM Andrews","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andrews, D. M. et al. Innate immunity defines the capacity of antiviral T cells to limit persistent infection. J. Exp. Med. 207, 1333\u20131343 (2010)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.5.1053","volume":"173","author":"RM Welsh","year":"1991","unstructured":"Welsh, R. M., Brubaker, J. O., Vargas-Cortes, M. & O\u2019Donnell, C. L. Natural killer (NK) cell response to virus infections in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. The stimulation of NK cells and the NK cell-dependent control of virus infections occur independently of T and B cell function. J. Exp. Med. 173, 1053\u20131063 (1991)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.160.2.521","volume":"160","author":"R Ahmed","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ahmed, R., Salmi, A., Butler, L. D., Chiller, J. M. & Oldstone, M. B. Selection of genetic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently infected mice. Role in suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and viral persistence. J. Exp. Med. 160, 521\u2013540 (1984)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.12.2205","volume":"188","author":"AJ Zajac","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zajac, A. J. et al. Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T cells without effector function. J. Exp. Med. 188, 2205\u20132213 (1998)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR11","first-page":"21","volume":"4","author":"H Yang","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yang, H., Yogeeswaran, G., Bukowski, J. F. & Welsh, R. M. Expression of asialo GM1 and other antigens and glycolipids on natural killer cells and spleen leukocytes in virus-infected mice. Nat. Immun. Cell Growth Regul. 4, 21\u201339 (1985)","journal-title":"Nat. Immun. Cell Growth Regul."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.7.4700-4704.1994","volume":"68","author":"M Battegay","year":"1994","unstructured":"Battegay, M. et al. Enhanced establishment of a virus carrier state in adult CD4+ T-cell-deficient mice. J. Virol. 68, 4700\u20134704 (1994)","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8056","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.12.8056-8063.1994","volume":"68","author":"M Matloubian","year":"1994","unstructured":"Matloubian, M., Concepcion, R. J. & Ahmed, R. CD4+ T cells are required to sustain CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses during chronic viral infection. J. Virol. 68, 8056\u20138063 (1994)","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4204","volume":"172","author":"MJ Fuller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fuller, M. J., Khanolkar, A., Tebo, A. E. & Zajac, A. J. Maintenance, loss, and resurgence of T cell responses during acute, protracted, and chronic viral infections. J. Immunol. 172, 4204\u20134214 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6790","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902598","volume":"184","author":"M Noval Rivas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Noval Rivas, M. et al. NK cell regulation of CD4 T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease. J. Immunol. 184, 6790\u20136798 (2010)","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.7.3572","volume":"170","author":"BA Rabinovich","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rabinovich, B. A. et al. Activated, but not resting, T cells can be recognized and killed by syngeneic NK cells. J. Immunol. 170, 3572\u20133576 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1004122","volume":"186","author":"K Soderquest","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soderquest, K. et al. Cutting edge: CD8+ T cell priming in the absence of NK cells leads to enhanced memory responses. J. Immunol. 186, 3304\u20133308 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.05.008","volume":"20","author":"K Ogasawara","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ogasawara, K. et al. NKG2D blockade prevents autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Immunity 20, 757\u2013767 (2004)","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910470410","volume":"47","author":"H Naganuma","year":"1991","unstructured":"Naganuma, H. et al. Increased susceptibility of IFN-\u03b3-treated neuroblastoma cells to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer cells: participation of ICAM-1 induction on target cells. Int. J. Cancer 47, 527\u2013532 (1991)","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3653","volume":"173","author":"DF Barber","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barber, D. F., Faure, M. & Long, E. O. LFA-1 contributes an early signal for NK cell cytotoxicity. J. Immunol. 173, 3653\u20133659 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41264","volume":"120","author":"SN Waggoner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Waggoner, S. N., Taniguchi, R. T., Mathew, P. A., Kumar, V. & Welsh, R. M. Absence of mouse 2B4 promotes NK cell-mediated killing of activated CD8+ T cells, leading to prolonged viral persistence and altered pathogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 120, 1925\u20131938 (2010)","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.148.1.163","volume":"148","author":"RM Welsh Jr","year":"1978","unstructured":"Welsh, R. M., Jr Cytotoxic cells induced during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of mice. I. Characterization of natural killer cell induction. J. Exp. Med. 148, 163\u2013181 (1978)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175194","volume":"324","author":"JS Yi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yi, J. S., Du, M. & Zajac, A. J. A vital role for interleukin-21 in the control of a chronic viral infection. Science 324, 1572\u20131576 (2009)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172815","volume":"324","author":"A Frohlich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frohlich, A. et al. IL-21R on T cells is critical for sustained functionality and control of chronic viral infection. Science 324, 1576\u20131580 (2009)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1174182","volume":"324","author":"H Elsaesser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elsaesser, H., Sauer, K. & Brooks, D. G. IL-21 is required to control chronic viral infection. Science 324, 1569\u20131572 (2009)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.52.1.119-128.1984","volume":"52","author":"JF Bukowski","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bukowski, J. F., Woda, B. A. & Welsh, R. M. Pathogenesis of murine cytomegalovirus infection in natural killer cell-depleted mice. J. Virol. 52, 119\u2013128 (1984)","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR27","first-page":"83","volume":"263","author":"MB Oldstone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oldstone, M. B. Biology and pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 263, 83\u2013117 (2002)","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR28","first-page":"169","volume":"5","author":"RM Welsh","year":"1986","unstructured":"Welsh, R. M. Regulation of virus infections by natural killer cells. Nat. Immun. Cell Growth Regul. 5, 169\u2013199 (1986)","journal-title":"Nat. Immun. Cell Growth Regul."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<3048::AID-IMMU3048>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"31","author":"HC Su","year":"2001","unstructured":"Su, H. C. et al. NK cell functions restrain T cell responses during viral infections. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 3048\u20133055 (2001)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.06.017","volume":"31","author":"B Zafirova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zafirova, B. et al. Altered NK cell development and enhanced NK cell-mediated resistance to mouse cytomegalovirus in NKG2D-deficient mice. Immunity 31, 270\u2013282 (2009)","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2003.01779.x","volume":"110","author":"MA Exley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Exley, M. A. et al. Innate immune response to encephalomyocarditis virus infection mediated by CD1d. Immunology 110, 519\u2013526 (2003)","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03431.x","volume":"8","author":"H Pircher","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pircher, H. et al. T cell tolerance to Mlsa encoded antigens in T cell receptor V beta 8.1 chain transgenic mice. EMBO J. 8, 719\u2013727 (1989)","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8934","volume":"240","author":"RG van der Most","year":"1998","unstructured":"van der Most, R. G. et al. Identification of Db- and Kb-restricted subdominant cytotoxic T-cell responses in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. Virology 240, 158\u2013167 (1998)","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830251230","volume":"25","author":"A Oxenius","year":"1995","unstructured":"Oxenius, A. et al. Presentation of endogenous viral proteins in association with major histocompatibility complex class II: on the role of intracellular compartmentalization, invariant chain and the TAP transporter system. Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 3402\u20133411 (1995)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90336-P","volume":"178","author":"LS Klavinskis","year":"1990","unstructured":"Klavinskis, L. S., Whitton, J. L., Joly, E. & Oldstone, M. B. Vaccination and protection from a lethal viral infection: identification, incorporation, and use of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte glycoprotein epitope. Virology 178, 393\u2013400 (1990)","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnature10624_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.6922-6934.2000","volume":"74","author":"LM Mylin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mylin, L. M. et al. Quantitation of CD8+ T-lymphocyte responses to multiple epitopes from simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen in C57BL\/6 mice immunized with SV40, SV40 T-antigen-transformed cells, or vaccinia virus recombinants expressing full-length T antigen or epitope minigenes. J. Virol. 74, 6922\u20136934 (2000)","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature10624.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature10624","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature10624.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T08:40:45Z","timestamp":1744274445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature10624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7381","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,19]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature10624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10624","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.13414956.793457808","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.13414956.793509746","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}