{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T07:51:20Z","timestamp":1792569080082,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7463","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,7]],"date-time":"2013-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature12336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]],"date-time":"2013-07-05T14:08:56Z","timestamp":1373033336000},"page":"445-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Digit loss in archosaur evolution and the interplay between selection and constraints"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"500","author":[{"given":"Merijn A. G.","family":"de Bakker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald A.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly den","family":"Oude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther M.","family":"Dondorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Carmen Garrido","family":"Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslaw O.","family":"Horbanczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Sire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danuta","family":"Szczerbi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnature12336_CR1","first-page":"177","volume":"76","author":"P Alberch","year":"1983","unstructured":"Alberch, P. & Gale, E. A. Size dependence during the development of the amphibian foot: colchicine-induced digital loss and reduction. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 76, 177\u2013197 (1983)","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.13","volume":"296","author":"MK Richardson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Richardson, M. K. & Chipman, A. D. Developmental constraints in a comparative framework: a test case using variations in phalanx number during amniote evolution. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 296, 8\u201322 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR3","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Fins Into Limbs: Evolution, Development and Transformation","author":"MD Shapiro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shapiro, M. D., Shubin, N. H. & Downs, J. P. In Fins Into Limbs: Evolution, Development and Transformation (ed. Hall, B. K. ) 225\u2013244 (Univ. of Chicago Press, 2007)"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb04076.x","volume":"39","author":"P Alberch","year":"1985","unstructured":"Alberch, P. & Gale, E. A. A developmental analysis of an evolutionary trend:\u2009digital reduction in amphibians. Evolution 39, 8\u201323 (1985)","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052030204","volume":"203","author":"GB M\u00fcller","year":"1990","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, G. B. & Alberch, P. Ontogeny of the limb skeleton in Alligator mississippiensis: developmental invariance and change in the evolution of archosaur limbs. J. Morphol. 203, 151\u2013164 (1990)","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR6","volume-title":"From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology","author":"MK Richardson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richardson, M. K. in From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology 328\u2013362 (eds Asher, R. J. & M\u00fcller, J. ) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012)"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.10153","volume":"294","author":"HC Larsson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Larsson, H. C. & Wagner, G. P. Pentadactyl ground state of the avian wing. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 294, 146\u2013151 (2002)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-002-0350-y","volume":"89","author":"A Feduccia","year":"2002","unstructured":"Feduccia, A. & Nowicki, J. The hand of birds revealed by early ostrich embryos. Naturwissenschaften 89, 391\u2013393 (2002)","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2005.05003.x","volume":"7","author":"MC Welten","year":"2005","unstructured":"Welten, M. C., Verbeek, F. J., Meijer, A. H. & Richardson, M. K. Gene expression and digit homology in the chicken embryo wing. Evol. Dev. 7, 18\u201328 (2005)","journal-title":"Evol. Dev."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21240","volume":"312","author":"M Kundr\u00e1t","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kundr\u00e1t, M. Primary chondrification foci in the wing basipodium of Struthio camelus with comments on interpretation of autopodial elements in Crocodilia and Aves. J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 312, 30\u201341 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22597","volume":"240","author":"BD Harfe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harfe, B. D. Keeping up with the zone of polarizing activity: new roles for an old signaling center. Dev. Dyn. 240, 915\u2013919 (2011)","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2000.tb04455.x","volume":"142","author":"A Abourachid","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abourachid, A. & Renous, S. Bipedal locomotion in ratites (Paleognatiform): examples of cursorial birds. Ibis 142, 538\u2013549 (2000)","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.043596","volume":"214","author":"NU Schaller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaller, N. U., D'Aout, K., Villa, R., Herkner, B. & Aerts, P. Toe function and dynamic pressure distribution in ostrich locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 214, 1123\u20131130 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.8.1655","volume":"198","author":"C Van den berg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Van den berg, C. & Rayner, J. M. V. The moment of inertia of bird wings and the inertial power requirement for flapping flight. J. Exp. Biol. 198, 1655\u20131664 (1995)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4617","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.1630","volume":"279","author":"O Haddrath","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haddrath, O. & Baker, A. J. Multiple nuclear genes and retroposons support vicariance and dispersal of the palaeognaths, and an Early Cretaceous origin of modern birds. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 4617\u20134625 (2012)","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10527","volume":"268","author":"EE Maxwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maxwell, E. E. & Larsson, H. C. Osteology and myology of the wing of the Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), and its bearing on the evolution of vestigial structures. J. Morphol. 268, 423\u2013441 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22520","volume":"240","author":"H Nagai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nagai, H. et al. Embryonic development of the Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae. Dev. Dyn. 240, 162\u2013175 (2011)","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1058","volume":"250","author":"KM Middleton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Middleton, K. M. The morphological basis of hallucal orientation in extant birds. J. Morphol. 250, 51\u201360 (2001)","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2011.00509.x","volume":"13","author":"KE Sears","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sears, K. E. et al. Developmental basis of mammalian digit reduction: a case study in pigs. Evol. Dev. 13, 533\u2013541 (2011)","journal-title":"Evol. Dev."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24546","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024546","volume":"6","author":"CI Lorda-Diez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lorda-Diez, C. I., Montero, J. A., Diaz-Mendoza, M. J., Garcia-Porrero, J. A. & Hurle, J. M. Defining the earliest transcriptional steps of chondrogenic progenitor specification during the formation of the digits in the embryonic limb. PLoS ONE 6, e24546 (2011)","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150701477825","volume":"56","author":"AF Hugall","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hugall, A. F., Foster, R. & Lee, M. S. Y. Calibration choice, rate smoothing, and the pattern of tetrapod diversification according to the long nuclear gene RAG-1. Syst. Biol. 56, 543\u2013563 (2007)","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.05.030","volume":"308","author":"PJ Scherz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scherz, P. J., McGlinn, E., Nissim, S. & Tabin, C. J. Extended exposure to Sonic hedgehog is required for patterning the posterior digits of the vertebrate limb. Dev. Biol. 308, 343\u2013354 (2007)","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2008.01.008","volume":"14","author":"J Zhu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhu, J. et al. Uncoupling Sonic hedgehog control of pattern and expansion of the developing limb bud. Dev. Cell 14, 624\u2013632 (2008)","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.19","volume":"297","author":"MD Shapiro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shapiro, M. D., Hanken, J. & Rosenthal, N. Developmental basis of evolutionary digit loss in the Australian lizard Hemiergis. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 297, 48\u201356 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810959106","volume":"106","author":"JA Gillis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gillis, J. A., Dahn, R. D. & Shubin, N. H. Shared developmental mechanisms pattern the vertebrate gill arch and paired fin skeletons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 5720\u20135724 (2009)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226804","volume":"338","author":"R Sheth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheth, R. et al. Hox genes regulate digit patterning by controlling the wavelength of a Turing-type mechanism. Science 338, 1476\u20131480 (2012)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.0282","volume":"180","author":"SM Pagan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pagan, S. M., Ros, M. A., Tabin, C. & Fallon, J. F. Surgical removal of limb bud Sonic hedgehog results in posterior skeletal defects. Dev. Biol. 180, 35\u201340 (1996)","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.20010","volume":"302","author":"CR Crumly","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crumly, C. R. & S\u00e1nchez-Villagra, M. R. Patterns of variation in the phalangeal formulae of land tortoises (Testudinidae): developmental constraint, size, and phylogenetic history. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 302, 134\u2013146 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(199907)21:7<604::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"21","author":"MK Richardson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Richardson, M. K. Vertebrate evolution: the developmental origins of adult variation. Bioessays 21, 604\u2013613 (1999)","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"BFnature12336_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050880104","volume":"88","author":"V Hamburger","year":"1951","unstructured":"Hamburger, V. & Hamilton, H. L. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morphol. 88, 49\u201392 (1951)","journal-title":"J. Morphol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12336.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12336","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12336.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T18:13:22Z","timestamp":1684433602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7463","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature12336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12336","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,7]]}}}