{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:09:10Z","timestamp":1792008550767,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7696","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature25975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T06:03:37Z","timestamp":1520402617000},"page":"377-381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1327,"title":["Human hippocampal neurogenesis drops sharply in children to undetectable levels in adults"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"555","author":[{"given":"Shawn F.","family":"Sorrells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes F.","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arantxa","family":"Cebrian-Silla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadellyn","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dashi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin W.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurtis I.","family":"Auguste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward F.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold R.","family":"Kriegstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary W.","family":"Mathern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Oldham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Garcia-Verdugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Alvarez-Buylla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnature25975_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901240303","volume":"124","author":"J Altman","year":"1965","unstructured":"Altman, J. & Das, G. D. Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 124, 319\u2013335 (1965)","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5768","volume":"96","author":"DR Kornack","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kornack, D. R. & Rakic, P. Continuation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult macaque monkey. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5768\u20135773 (1999)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7153","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07153.2001","volume":"21","author":"B Seri","year":"2001","unstructured":"Seri, B., Garc\u00eda-Verdugo, J. M., McEwen, B. S. & Alvarez-Buylla, A. Astrocytes give rise to new neurons in the adult mammalian hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 21, 7153\u20137160 (2001)","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/4151030a","volume":"415","author":"H van Praag","year":"2002","unstructured":"van Praag, H. et al. Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature 415, 1030\u20131034 (2002)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0660-1","volume":"220","author":"N Patzke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patzke, N. et al. In contrast to many other mammals, cetaceans have relatively small hippocampi that appear to lack adult neurogenesis. Brain Struct. Funct. 220, 361\u2013383 (2015)","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/386493a0","volume":"386","author":"G Kempermann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H. G. & Gage, F. H. More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment. Nature 386, 493\u2013495 (1997)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/6368","volume":"2","author":"H van Praag","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Praag, H., Kempermann, G. & Gage, F. H. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 266\u2013270 (1999)","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2010.03.017","volume":"6","author":"S Lugert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lugert, S. et al. Quiescent and active hippocampal neural stem cells with distinct morphologies respond selectively to physiological and pathological stimuli and aging. Cell Stem Cell 6, 445\u2013456 (2010)","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300234","volume":"28","author":"JE Malberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Malberg, J. E. & Duman, R. S. Cell proliferation in adult hippocampus is decreased by inescapable stress: reversal by fluoxetine treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 1562\u20131571 (2003)","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.85","volume":"40","author":"AS Hill","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hill, A. S., Sahay, A. & Hen, R. Increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sufficient to reduce anxiety and depression-like behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology 40, 2368\u20132378 (2015)","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.002","volume":"153","author":"KL Spalding","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spalding, K. L. et al. Dynamics of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult humans. Cell 153, 1219\u20131227 (2013)","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12337","volume":"42","author":"CV Dennis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dennis, C. V., Suh, L. S., Rodriguez, M. L., Kril, J. J. & Sutherland, G. T. Human adult neurogenesis across the ages: an immunohistochemical study. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 42, 621\u2013638 (2016)","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/3305","volume":"4","author":"PS Eriksson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eriksson, P. S. et al. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat. Med. 4, 1313\u20131317 (1998)","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008809","volume":"5","author":"R Knoth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Knoth, R. et al. Murine features of neurogenesis in the human hippocampus across the lifespan from 0 to 100 years. PLoS ONE 5, e8809 (2010)","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.015","volume":"38","author":"P Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang, P. et al. Developmental profile of neurogenesis in prenatal human hippocampus: an immunohistochemical study. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 38, 1\u20139 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.081133","volume":"139","author":"M Venere","year":"2012","unstructured":"Venere, M. et al. Sox1 marks an activated neural stem\/progenitor cell in the hippocampus. Development 139, 3938\u20133949 (2012)","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.09.002","volume":"1","author":"H Suh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suh, H. et al. In vivo fate analysis reveals the multipotent and self-renewal capacities of Sox2+ neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. Cell Stem Cell 1, 515\u2013528 (2007)","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20407","volume":"54","author":"B Steiner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steiner, B. et al. Type-2 cells as link between glial and neuronal lineage in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Glia 54, 805\u2013814 (2006)","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10487","volume":"478","author":"N Sanai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sanai, N. et al. Corridors of migrating neurons in the human brain and their decline during infancy. Nature 478, 382\u2013386 (2011)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.83","volume":"21","author":"C Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Identification and characterization of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the adult human brain. Cell Res. 21, 1534\u20131550 (2011)","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5263","volume":"96","author":"E Gould","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gould, E. et al. Hippocampal neurogenesis in adult Old World primates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5263\u20135267 (1999)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.081074998","volume":"98","author":"DR Kornack","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kornack, D. R. & Rakic, P. The generation, migration, and differentiation of olfactory neurons in the adult primate brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4752\u20134757 (2001)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24035","volume":"242","author":"T Sugiyama","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sugiyama, T., Osumi, N. & Katsuyama, Y. The germinal matrices in the developing dentate gyrus are composed of neuronal progenitors at distinct differentiation stages. Dev. Dyn. 242, 1442\u20131453 (2013)","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903010302","volume":"301","author":"J Altman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altman, J. & Bayer, S. A. Mosaic organization of the hippocampal neuroepithelium and the multiple germinal sources of dentate granule cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 301, 325\u2013342 (1990)","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.07.035","volume":"369","author":"M Komitova","year":"2004","unstructured":"Komitova, M. & Eriksson, P. S. Sox-2 is expressed by neural progenitors and astroglia in the adult rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 369, 24\u201327 (2004)","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11929","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1860-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. An RNA-sequencing transcriptome and splicing database of glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. 34, 11929\u201311947 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.11.008","volume":"1","author":"JJ Breunig","year":"2007","unstructured":"Breunig, J. J., Arellano, J. I., Macklis, J. D. & Rakic, P. Everything that glitters isn\u2019t gold: a critical review of postnatal neural precursor analyses. Cell Stem Cell 1, 612\u2013627 (2007)","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2147","volume":"8","author":"E Gould","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gould, E. How widespread is adult neurogenesis in mammals? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 481\u2013488 (2007)","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12641","volume":"16","author":"KJ Mathews","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mathews, K. J. et al. Evidence for reduced neurogenesis in the aging human hippocampus despite stable stem cell markers. Aging Cell 16, 1195\u20131199 (2017)","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.08.023","volume":"203","author":"A Fahrner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fahrner, A. et al. Granule cell dispersion is not accompanied by enhanced neurogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Exp. Neurol. 203, 320\u2013332 (2007)","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-08-02729.1988","volume":"8","author":"MF Eckenhoff","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eckenhoff, M. F. & Rakic, P. Nature and fate of proliferative cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus during the life span of the rhesus monkey. J. Neurosci. 8, 2729\u20132747 (1988)","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.43.s.5.28.x","volume":"43","author":"GW Mathern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mathern, G. W. et al. Seizures decrease postnatal neurogenesis and granule cell development in the human fascia dentata. Epilepsia 43, 68\u201373 (2002)","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18637","volume":"535","author":"TE Bakken","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bakken, T. E. et al. A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development. Nature 535, 367\u2013375 (2016)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10523","volume":"478","author":"HJ Kang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kang, H. J. et al. Spatio-temporal transcriptome of the human brain. Nature 478, 483\u2013489 (2011)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature25975_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7368","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5746-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"AD Workman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Workman, A. D., Charvet, C. J., Clancy, B., Darlington, R. B. & Finlay, B. L. Modeling transformations of neurodevelopmental sequences across mammalian species. J. Neurosci. 33, 7368\u20137383 (2013)","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature25975.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature25975","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/nature25975","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature25975.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T14:12:45Z","timestamp":1684419165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature25975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7696","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature25975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature25975","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.732805465.793543985","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.732805465.793543534","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}