{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:27:03Z","timestamp":1792657623792,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,7]],"date-time":"2010-06-07T18:10:25Z","timestamp":1275934225000},"page":"573-579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":310,"title":["Rationalizing the development of live attenuated virus vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Adam S","family":"Lauring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy O","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Andino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6089.765","volume":"2","author":"J Salk","year":"1977","unstructured":"Salk, J. Polio vaccines and polioviruses. BMJ 2, 765 (1977).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.057","volume":"344","author":"AM Arvin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arvin, A.M. & Greenberg, H.B. New viral vaccines. Virology 344, 240\u2013249 (2006).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.24.1.1561","volume":"24","author":"D Rogan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rogan, D. & Babiuk, L.A. Novel vaccines from biotechnology. Rev. Sci. Tech. 24, 159\u2013174 (2005).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00540-6","volume":"21","author":"GF Kersten","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kersten, G.F. & Crommelin, D.J. Liposomes and ISCOMs. Vaccine 21, 915\u2013920 (2003).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2008.064","volume":"389","author":"GT Jennings","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jennings, G.T. & Bachmann, M.F. The coming of age of virus-like particle vaccines. Biol. Chem. 389, 521\u2013536 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2004.10.005","volume":"15","author":"D Felnerova","year":"2004","unstructured":"Felnerova, D., Viret, J.F., Gluck, R. & Moser, C. Liposomes and virosomes as delivery systems for antigens, nucleic acids and drugs. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15, 518\u2013529 (2004).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.16.4927","volume":"79","author":"D Panicali","year":"1982","unstructured":"Panicali, D. & Paoletti, E. Construction of poxviruses as cloning vectors: insertion of the thymidine kinase gene from herpes simplex virus into the DNA of infectious vaccinia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 4927\u20134931 (1982).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.020","volume":"344","author":"T Dudek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dudek, T. & Knipe, D.M. Replication-defective viruses as vaccines and vaccine vectors. Virology 344, 230\u2013239 (2006).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.206","volume":"3","author":"PT Loudon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Loudon, P.T. et al. Preclinical safety testing of DISC-hGMCSF to support phase I clinical trials in cancer patients. J. Gene Med. 3, 458\u2013467 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Gene Med."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.12.7067-7072.1992","volume":"66","author":"LH Nguyen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nguyen, L.H., Knipe, D.M. & Finberg, R.W. Replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus (HSV) induce cellular immunity and protect against lethal HSV infection. J. Virol. 66, 7067\u20137072 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0328","volume":"220","author":"LA Morrison","year":"1996","unstructured":"Morrison, L.A. & Knipe, D.M. Mechanisms of immunization with a replication-defective mutant of herpes simplex virus 1. Virology 220, 402\u2013413 (1996).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7963","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.17.7963-7971.2000","volume":"74","author":"X Da Costa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Da Costa, X., Kramer, M.F., Zhu, J., Brockman, M.A. & Knipe, D.M. Construction, phenotypic analysis, and immunogenicity of a UL5\/UL29 double deletion mutant of herpes simplex virus 2. J. Virol. 74, 7963\u20137971 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.1.410-418.2005","volume":"79","author":"Y Hoshino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoshino, Y. et al. Comparative efficacy and immunogenicity of replication-defective, recombinant glycoprotein, and DNA vaccines for herpes simplex virus 2 infections in mice and guinea pigs. J. Virol. 79, 410\u2013418 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6994","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.12.6994","volume":"96","author":"XJ Da Costa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Da Costa, X.J., Jones, C.A. & Knipe, D.M. Immunization against genital herpes with a vaccine virus that has defects in productive and latent infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 6994\u20136998 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.5.1100","volume":"170","author":"CS McLean","year":"1994","unstructured":"McLean, C.S. et al. Protective vaccination against primary and recurrent disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 using a genetically disabled HSV-1. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 1100\u20131109 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.2.927-932.1994","volume":"68","author":"HE Farrell","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farrell, H.E. et al. Vaccine potential of a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant with an essential glycoprotein deleted. J. Virol. 68, 927\u2013932 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.2.767-773.2002","volume":"76","author":"T Watanabe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Watanabe, T., Watanabe, S., Neumann, G., Kida, H. & Kawaoka, Y. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of replication-incompetent influenza virus-like particles. J. Virol. 76, 767\u2013773 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.7.6.739","volume":"7","author":"J Stech","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stech, J. Attenuated influenza A viruses with modified cleavage sites in hemagglutinin as live vaccines. Expert Rev. Vaccines 7, 739\u2013743 (2008).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)00402-8","volume":"72","author":"DG Widman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Widman, D.G., Frolov, I. & Mason, P.W. Third-generation flavivirus vaccines based on single-cycle, encapsidation-defective viruses. Adv. Virus Res. 72, 77\u2013126 (2008).","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7041255","volume":"215","author":"J Holland","year":"1982","unstructured":"Holland, J. et al. Rapid evolution of RNA genomes. Science 215, 1577\u20131585 (1982).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.11.007","volume":"107","author":"M Vignuzzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vignuzzi, M., Stone, J.K. & Andino, R. Ribavirin and lethal mutagenesis of poliovirus: molecular mechanisms, resistance and biological implications. Virus Res. 107, 173\u2013181 (2005).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152622","volume":"320","author":"BD Walker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Walker, B.D. & Burton, D. Toward an AIDS vaccine. Science 320, 760\u2013764 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"BFnbt1635_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.076","volume":"26","author":"RB Couch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Couch, R.B. Seasonal inactivated influenza virus vaccines. Vaccine 26 Suppl 4, D5\u2013D9 (2008).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.071","volume":"27","author":"P Minor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Minor, P. Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV): impact on poliomyelitis eradication. Vaccine 27, 2649\u20132652 (2009).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR25","first-page":"51","volume":"299","author":"E Domingo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Domingo, E. et al. Viruses as quasispecies: biological implications. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 299, 51\u201382 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.11.002","volume":"107","author":"CK Biebricher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Biebricher, C.K. & Eigen, M. The error threshold. Virus Res. 107, 117\u2013127 (2005).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25706","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M503444200","volume":"280","author":"JJ Arnold","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arnold, J.J., Vignuzzi, M., Stone, J.K., Andino, R. & Cameron, C.E. Remote site control of an active site fidelity checkpoint in a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 25706\u201325716 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1232294100","volume":"100","author":"JK Pfeiffer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pfeiffer, J.K. & Kirkegaard, K. A single mutation in poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confers resistance to mutagenic nucleotide analogs via increased fidelity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7289\u20137294 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01606-06","volume":"81","author":"M Sierra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sierra, M. et al. Foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant with decreased sensitivity to ribavirin: implications for error catastrophe. J. Virol. 81, 2012\u20132024 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04388","volume":"439","author":"M Vignuzzi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vignuzzi, M., Stone, J.K., Arnold, J.J., Cameron, C.E. & Andino, R. Quasispecies diversity determines pathogenesis through cooperative interactions in a viral population. Nature 439, 344\u2013348 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010011","volume":"1","author":"JK Pfeiffer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pfeiffer, J.K. & Kirkegaard, K. Increased fidelity reduces poliovirus fitness and virulence under selective pressure in mice. PLoS Pathog. 1, e11 (2005).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1726","volume":"14","author":"M Vignuzzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vignuzzi, M., Wendt, E. & Andino, R. Engineering attenuated virus vaccines by controlling replication fidelity. Nat. Med. 14, 154\u2013161 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1086\/593310","volume":"47","author":"K Chumakov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chumakov, K. & Ehrenfeld, E. New generation of inactivated poliovirus vaccines for universal immunization after eradication of poliomyelitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47, 1587\u20131592 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2004.04.006","volume":"22","author":"C Gustafsson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gustafsson, C., Govindarajan, S. & Minshull, J. Codon bias and heterologous protein expression. Trends Biotechnol. 22, 346\u2013353 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"r43","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/9.1.213-b","volume":"9","author":"R Grantham","year":"1981","unstructured":"Grantham, R., Gautier, C., Gouy, M., Jacobzone, M. & Mercier, R. Codon catalog usage is a genome strategy modulated for gene expressivity. Nucleic Acids Res. 9, r43\u2013r74 (1981).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5125","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/14.13.5125","volume":"14","author":"PM Sharp","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sharp, P.M., Tuohy, T.M. & Mosurski, K.R. Codon usage in yeast: cluster analysis clearly differentiates highly and lowly expressed genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 5125\u20135143 (1986).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-008-9068-6","volume":"66","author":"A Carbone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carbone, A. Codon bias is a major factor explaining phage evolution in translationally biased hosts. J. Mol. Evol. 66, 210\u2013223 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00309-X","volume":"92","author":"GM Jenkins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jenkins, G.M. & Holmes, E.C. The extent of codon usage bias in human RNA viruses and its evolutionary origin. Virus Res. 92, 1\u20137 (2003).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-005-0221-1","volume":"62","author":"LA Shackelton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shackelton, L.A., Parrish, C.R. & Holmes, E.C. Evolutionary basis of codon usage and nucleotide composition bias in vertebrate DNA viruses. J. Mol. Evol. 62, 551\u2013563 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7152","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1132114100","volume":"100","author":"JB Plotkin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Plotkin, J.B. & Dushoff, J. Codon bias and frequency-dependent selection on the hemagglutinin epitopes of influenza A virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7152\u20137157 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006483","volume":"48","author":"CR Stephens","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stephens, C.R. & Waelbroeck, H. Codon bias and mutability in HIV sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 48, 390\u2013397 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3259-3272.2006","volume":"80","author":"CC Burns","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burns, C.C. et al. Modulation of poliovirus replicative fitness in HeLa cells by deoptimization of synonymous codon usage in the capsid region. J. Virol. 80, 3259\u20133272 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9957","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00508-09","volume":"83","author":"CC Burns","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burns, C.C. et al. Genetic inactivation of poliovirus infectivity by increasing the frequencies of CpG and UpA dinucleotides within and across synonymous capsid region codons. J. Virol. 83, 9957\u20139969 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9687","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00738-06","volume":"80","author":"S Mueller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mueller, S., Papamichail, D., Coleman, J.R., Skiena, S. & Wimmer, E. Reduction of the rate of poliovirus protein synthesis through large-scale codon deoptimization causes attenuation of viral virulence by lowering specific infectivity. J. Virol. 80, 9687\u20139696 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155761","volume":"320","author":"JR Coleman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coleman, J.R. et al. Virus attenuation by genome-scale changes in codon pair bias. Science 320, 1784\u20131787 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.035","volume":"136","author":"RW Carthew","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carthew, R.W. & Sontheimer, E.J. Origins and mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs. Cell 136, 642\u2013655 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1369","volume":"25","author":"J Haasnoot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haasnoot, J., Westerhout, E.M. & Berkhout, B. RNA interference against viruses: strike and counterstrike. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 1435\u20131443 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.002","volume":"136","author":"DP Bartel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bartel, D.P. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 136, 215\u2013233 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.05.002","volume":"3","author":"E Gottwein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gottwein, E. & Cullen, B.R. Viral and cellular microRNAs as determinants of viral pathogenesis and immunity. Cell Host Microbe 3, 375\u2013387 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00809-6","volume":"12","author":"M Lagos-Quintana","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lagos-Quintana, M. et al. Identification of tissue-specific microRNAs from mouse. Curr. Biol. 12, 735\u2013739 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2628","volume":"10","author":"BD Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown, B.D. & Naldini, L. Exploiting and antagonizing microRNA regulation for therapeutic and experimental applications. Nat. Rev. Genet. 10, 578\u2013585 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1398","volume":"12","author":"BD Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown, B.D., Venneri, M.A., Zingale, A., Sergi Sergi, L. & Naldini, L. Endogenous microRNA regulation suppresses transgene expression in hematopoietic lineages and enables stable gene transfer. Nat. Med. 12, 585\u2013591 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1776","volume":"14","author":"EJ Kelly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelly, E.J., Hadac, E.M., Greiner, S. & Russell, S.J. Engineering microRNA responsiveness to decrease virus pathogenicity. Nat. Med. 14, 1278\u20131283 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000440","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000440","volume":"5","author":"R Cawood","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cawood, R. et al. Use of tissue-specific microRNA to control pathology of wild-type adenovirus without attenuation of its ability to kill cancer cells. PLoS Pathog. 5, e1000440 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11009","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01608-08","volume":"82","author":"E Yl\u00f6sm\u00e4ki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yl\u00f6sm\u00e4ki, E. et al. Generation of a conditionally replicating adenovirus based on targeted destruction of E1A mRNA by a cell type-specific microRNA. J. Virol. 82, 11009\u201311015 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.08.003","volume":"4","author":"D Barnes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barnes, D., Kunitomi, M., Vignuzzi, M., Saksela, K. & Andino, R. Harnessing endogenous miRNAs to control virus tissue tropism as a strategy for developing attenuated virus vaccines. Cell Host Microbe 4, 239\u2013248 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1542","volume":"27","author":"JT Perez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perez, J.T. et al. MicroRNA-mediated species-specific attenuation of influenza A virus. Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 572\u2013576 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000885","volume":"58","author":"S Iuchi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Iuchi, S. Three classes of C2H2 zinc finger proteins. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58, 625\u2013635 (2001).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.259","volume":"1","author":"DA Wright","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wright, D.A. et al. Standardized reagents and protocols for engineering zinc finger nucleases by modular assembly. Nat. Protoc. 1, 1637\u20131652 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1021\/ar050158u","volume":"39","author":"M Dhanasekaran","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dhanasekaran, M., Negi, S. & Sugiura, Y. Designer zinc finger proteins: tools for creating artificial DNA-binding functional proteins. Acc. Chem. Res. 39, 45\u201352 (2006).","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-232-8_4","volume":"435","author":"M Porteus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Porteus, M. Design and testing of zinc finger nucleases for use in mammalian cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 435, 47\u201361 (2008).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.17.3361","volume":"28","author":"J Smith","year":"2000","unstructured":"Smith, J. et al. Requirements for double-strand cleavage by chimeric restriction enzymes with zinc finger DNA-recognition domains. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 3361\u20133369 (2000).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.07.021","volume":"334","author":"M Mani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mani, M., Smith, J., Kandavelou, K., Berg, J.M. & Chandrasegaran, S. Binding of two zinc finger nuclease monomers to two specific sites is required for effective double-strand DNA cleavage. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 334, 1191\u20131197 (2005).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252773399","volume":"100","author":"M Papworth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Papworth, M. et al. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus 1 gene expression by designer zinc-finger transcription factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1621\u20131626 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5405","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01795-05","volume":"80","author":"T Mino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mino, T. et al. Inhibition of DNA replication of human papillomavirus by artificial zinc finger proteins. J. Virol. 80, 5405\u20135412 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/nass\/nrn094","volume":"52","author":"T Mino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mino, T., Mori, T., Aoyama, Y. & Sera, T. Inhibition of human papillomavirus replication by using artificial zinc-finger nucleases. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. (Oxf) 52, 185\u2013186 (2008).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. (Oxf)"},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR67","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"BN Fields","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M. & Griffin, D.E. Fields Virology 4th edn (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001)."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1084-9521(02)00018-6","volume":"13","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Zheng, T., Lee, C.G., Homer, R.J. & Elias, J.A. Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional regulation systems: advances and application in transgenic animal modeling. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 13, 121\u2013128 (2002).","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFnbt1635_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000376","volume":"5","author":"SM Pruett-Miller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pruett-Miller, S.M., Reading, D.W., Porter, S.N. & Porteus, M.H. Attenuation of zinc finger nuclease toxicity by small-molecule regulation of protein levels. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000376 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."}],"container-title":["Nature Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt.1635.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt.1635","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt.1635.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T12:16:03Z","timestamp":1744373763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt.1635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnbt1635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt.1635","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0156","1546-1696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0156","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1696","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 June 2010","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}