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This method was used in Figures 2b,d,g,h, 3a,b,d, 4f and 5h and Supplementary Figures 3b, 5b and 6b, and was designed to omit reagents such as BME and DTT that might break the thioester bond. The full method is given below, and has been added to the Methods section of the Article.\n                      Ubiquitylation assay western blot\n                      . For Figs 2b,d,g,h, 3a,b, 4f and 5h, and Supplementary Figs 5b and 6b, after the last wash of the beads, the supernatant was discarded and beads were boiled for 10 min in 100 \u03bcl 2\u00d7 SDS loading buffer (75 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 6% SDS, 15% (v\/v) glycerol, 0.01% (w\/v) Bromophenol blue) and were then vortexed and centrifuged at 1,000 g for 2 min. 90 \u03bcl supernatant was mixed with 90 \u03bcl solubilization buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 15% SDS, 8 M Urea, 10% glycerol) and incubated at 37 \u00b0C for 30 min. For Fig. 3d and Supplementary Fig. 3b, the beads were incubated with 100 \u03bcl Myc peptide (1 mg\/ml) for 3 hrs at 4 \u00b0C, vortexed and centrifuged at 1,000 g for 2 min. 90 \u03bcl supernatant was mixed with 90 \u03bcl solubilization buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 15% SDS, 8 M Urea, 10% glycerol) and 60 \u03bcl modified 4\u00d7 SDS loading buffer (150 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 12% SDS, 30% (v\/v) glycerol, 0.02% (w\/v) Bromophenol blue) and incubated at 37 \u00b0C for 30 min. Samples were resolved by SDS\u2013PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membranes. Immunoblots were blocked with 5% BSA in TBS containing 0.075% Tween (TBST) and probed with primary antibodies overnight at 4 \u00b0C. After washing in TBST 3 times, blots were incubated with secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. After washing in TBST 3 times, bands were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL).","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}