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MiR-34 is a tumour-suppressor miRNA important in cell survival, that is transcriptionally upregulated by p53 in response to DNA damage. Here, we show for the first time that there is a pool of mature miR-34 in cells that lacks a 5\u2032-phosphate and is inactive. Following exposure to a DNA-damaging stimulus, the inactive pool of miR-34 is rapidly activated through 5\u2032-end phosphorylation in an ATM- and Clp1-dependent manner, enabling loading into Ago2. Importantly, this mechanism of miR-34 activation occurs faster than, and independently of, <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> p53-mediated transcription and processing. Our study reveals a novel mechanism of rapid miRNA activation in response to environmental stimuli occurring at the mature miRNA level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]],"date-time":"2016-03-21T10:11:05Z","timestamp":1458555065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["miR-34 activity is modulated through 5\u2032-end phosphorylation in response to DNA damage"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"David W.","family":"Salzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotoka","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunitha","family":"Nallur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle T.","family":"Dookwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanatip","family":"Metheetrairut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Slack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne B.","family":"Weidhaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms10954_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1919710","volume":"24","author":"MA Newman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Newman, M. 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