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However, it is unclear how microglia influence neuronal activity and survival in the injured brain <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Here we develop a precisely controlled model of brain injury induced by cerebral ischaemia combined with fast <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> two-photon calcium imaging and selective microglial manipulation. We show that selective elimination of microglia leads to a striking, 60% increase in infarct size, which is reversed by microglial repopulation. Microglia-mediated protection includes reduction of excitotoxic injury, since an absence of microglia leads to dysregulated neuronal calcium responses, calcium overload and increased neuronal death. Furthermore, the incidence of spreading depolarization (SD) is markedly reduced in the absence of microglia. Thus, microglia are involved in changes in neuronal network activity and SD after brain injury <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> that could have important implications for common brain diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T09:32:09Z","timestamp":1462267929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":558,"title":["Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gergely","family":"Szalay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadett","family":"Martinecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolett","family":"L\u00e9n\u00e1rt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"K\u00f6rnyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Orsolits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Jud\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"Cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeka","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gergely","family":"Katona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"R\u00f3zsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"D\u00e9nes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms11499_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2010","volume":"91","author":"H Kettenmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kettenmann, H., Hanisch, U. 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