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Microglia also help shape neuronal circuits during development, via phagocytosing weak synapses and regulating neurogenesis. Using\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    multiphoton imaging of layer 2\/3 pyramidal neurons in the developing somatosensory cortex, we demonstrate here that microglial contact with dendrites directly induces filopodia formation. This filopodia formation occurs only around postnatal day 8\u201310, a period of intense synaptogenesis and when microglia have an activated phenotype. Filopodia formation is preceded by contact-induced Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    transients and actin accumulation. Inhibition of microglia by genetic ablation decreases subsequent spine density, functional excitatory synapses and reduces the relative connectivity from layer 4 neurons. Our data provide the direct demonstration of microglial-induced spine formation and provide further insights into immune system regulation of neuronal circuit development, with potential implications for developmental disorders of immune and brain dysfunction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]],"date-time":"2016-08-25T05:54:15Z","timestamp":1472104455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":656,"title":["Microglia contact induces synapse formation in developing somatosensory cortex"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Akiko","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako Wendy","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Eto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideji","family":"Murakoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6184-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Schuichi","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Moorhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Nabekura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms12540_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3978","volume":"16","author":"ML Estes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Estes, M. 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