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Optimal, reward-maximizing decision-making can require dynamic adjustment of this speed\/accuracy trade-off over the course of a single decision. However, it is unclear whether humans are capable of such time-dependent adjustments. Here, we identify several signatures of time-dependency in human perceptual decision-making and highlight their possible neural source. Behavioural and model-based analyses reveal that subjects respond to deadline-induced speed pressure by lowering their criterion on accumulated perceptual evidence as the deadline approaches. In the brain, this effect is reflected in evidence-independent urgency that pushes decision-related motor preparation signals closer to a fixed threshold. Moreover, we show that global modulation of neural gain, as indexed by task-related fluctuations in pupil diameter, is a plausible biophysical mechanism for the generation of this urgency. These findings establish context-sensitive time-dependency as a critical feature of human decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T05:28:13Z","timestamp":1479965293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Global gain modulation generates time-dependent urgency during perceptual choice in humans"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1963-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter R.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evert","family":"Boonstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander","family":"Nieuwenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms13526_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.09.002","volume":"33","author":"R Bogacz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bogacz, R., Wagenmakers, E. 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