{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:53:03Z","timestamp":1793382783555,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The slow bimolecular recombination that drives three-dimensional lead-halide perovskites\u2019 outstanding photovoltaic performance is conversely a fundamental limitation for electroluminescence. Under electroluminescence working conditions with typical charge densities lower than 10\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    , defect-states trapping in three-dimensional perovskites competes effectively with the bimolecular radiative recombination. Herein, we overcome this limitation using van-der-Waals-coupled Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite multi-quantum-wells. Injected charge carriers are rapidly localized from adjacent thin few layer (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u22644) multi-quantum-wells to the thick (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u22655) multi-quantum-wells with extremely high efficiency (over 85%) through quantum coupling. Light emission originates from excitonic recombination in the thick multi-quantum-wells at much higher decay rate and efficiency than bimolecular recombination in three-dimensional perovskites. These multi-quantum-wells retain the simple solution processability and high charge carrier mobility of two-dimensional lead-halide perovskites. Importantly, these Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites offer new functionalities unavailable in single phase constituents, permitting the transcendence of the slow bimolecular recombination bottleneck in lead-halide perovskites for efficient electroluminescence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T05:02:13Z","timestamp":1488171733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":586,"title":["Transcending the slow bimolecular recombination in lead-halide perovskites for electroluminescence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Guichuan","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7177-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin K. L.","family":"Yeow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4049-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tze Chien","family":"Sum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6050","DOI":"10.1021\/ja809598r","volume":"131","author":"A Kojima","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kojima, A., Teshima, K., Shirai, Y. & Miyasaka, T. Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 6050\u20136051 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12340","volume":"499","author":"J Burschka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burschka, J. et al. Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature 499, 316\u2013319 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR3","unstructured":"NREL Efficiency Chart. Available at: http:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/ncpv\/images\/efficiency_chart.jpg accessed on 5 July 2016."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243167","volume":"342","author":"G Xing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xing, G. et al. Long-range balanced electron- and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3 . Science 342, 344\u2013347 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5b02052","volume":"6","author":"G Hodes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hodes, G. & Kamat, P. V. Understanding the implication of carrier diffusion length in photovoltaic cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 4090\u20134092 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3911","volume":"13","author":"G Xing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xing, G. et al. Low-temperature solution-processed wavelength-tunable perovskites for lasing. Nat. Mater. 13, 476\u2013480 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9019","DOI":"10.1021\/ic401215x","volume":"52","author":"CC Stoumpos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stoumpos, C. C., Malliakas, C. D. & Kanatzidis, M. G. Semiconducting Tin and Lead Iodide perovskites with organic cations: phase transitions, high mobilities, and near-infrared photolumiescent properties. Inorg. Chem. 52, 9019\u20139038 (2013).","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305172","volume":"26","author":"C Wehrenfennig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wehrenfennig, C., Eperon, G. E., Johnston, M. B., Snaith, H. J. & Herz, L. M. High charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes in organolead trihalide perovskites. Adv. Mater. 26, 1584\u20131589 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504490","volume":"28","author":"Y-H Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, Y.-H., Wolf, C., Cho, H., Jeong, S.-H. & Lee, T.-W. Highly efficient, simplified, solution-processed thermally activated delayed-fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 28, 734\u2013741 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.149","volume":"9","author":"Z-K Tan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tan, Z.-K. et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 687\u2013692 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201403751","volume":"27","author":"YH Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, Y. H. et al. Multicolored organic\/inorganic hybrid perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 27, 1248\u20131254 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201405217","volume":"27","author":"J Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Interfacial control toward efficient and low-voltage perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 27, 2311\u20132316 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad1818","volume":"350","author":"H Cho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cho, H. et al. Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Science 350, 1222\u20131225 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7515","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201601369","volume":"28","author":"J Byun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Byun, J. et al. Efficient visible quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 28, 7515\u20137520 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.110","volume":"11","author":"M Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan, M. et al. Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 872\u2013877 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b00235","volume":"15","author":"G Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, G. et al. Efficient light-emitting diodes based on nanocrystalline perovskite in a dielectric polymer matrix. Nano Lett. 15, 2640\u20132644 (2015).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201503954","volume":"28","author":"Y Ling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ling, Y. et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite nanoplatelets. Adv. Mater. 28, 305\u2013311 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(92)90210-Z","volume":"84","author":"X Hong","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hong, X., Ishihara, T. & Nurmikko, A. V. Photoconductivity and electroluminescence in lead iodide based natural quantum-well structures. Solid State Commun. 84, 657\u2013661 (1992).","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1063\/1.112265","volume":"65","author":"M Era","year":"1994","unstructured":"Era, M., Morimoto, S., Tsutsui, T. & Saito, S. Organic-inorganic heterostructure electroluminescent device using a layered perovskite semiconductor (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbI4 . Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 676\u2013678 (1994).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7660","volume":"349","author":"L Dou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dou, L. et al. Atomically thin two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. Science 349, 1518\u20131521 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stam.2003.09.019","volume":"4","author":"K Tanaka","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tanaka, K. & Kondo, T. Bandgap and exciton binding energies in lead-iodide-based natural quantum-well crystals. Sci. Tecnol. Adv. Mater. 4, 599\u2013604 (2003).","journal-title":"Sci. Tecnol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.45.6961","volume":"45","author":"X Hong","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hong, X., Ishihara, T. & Nurmikko, A. V. Dielectric confinement effect on excitons in PbI4-based layered semiconductors. Phys. Rev. B 45, 6961\u20136964 (1992).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5912","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.005912","volume":"18","author":"K Gauthron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gauthron, K. et al. Optical spectroscopy of two-dimensional layered (C6H5C2H4-NH3)2-PbI4 perovskite. Opt. Express 18, 5912\u20135919 (2010).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18306","volume":"536","author":"H Tsai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsai, H. et al. High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite solar cells. Nature 536, 312\u2013316 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.167","volume":"9","author":"X Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong, X. et al. Ultrafast charge transfer in atomically thin MoS2\/WS2 heterostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 682\u2013686 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00006a076","volume":"113","author":"J Calabrese","year":"1991","unstructured":"Calabrese, J. et al. Preparation and characterization of layered lead halide compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 2328\u20132330 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.451.0029","volume":"45","author":"DB Mitzi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mitzi, D. B., Chondroudis, K. & Kagan, C. R. Organic-inorganic electronics. IBM J. Res. Dev. 45, 29\u201345 (2001).","journal-title":"IBM J. Res. Dev."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pohl, U. M. Epitaxy of Semiconductors: Introduction to Physical Principles Springer (2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32970-8_1"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.121","volume":"2","author":"WP McCray","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCray, W. P. MBE deserves a place in the history books. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 259\u2013261 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H. et al. Organic cations might not be essential to the remarkable properties of band edge carriers in lead halide perovskites. Adv. Mater. 29, doi: 10.1002\/adma.201603072. Epub ahead of print 28 October 2016 (2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603072"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physchem-040215-112222","volume":"67","author":"LM Herz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herz, L. M. Charge-carrier dynamics in organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 67, 65\u201389 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10835","DOI":"10.1021\/nn304200a","volume":"6","author":"G Xing","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xing, G. et al. Ultralow-threshold two-photon pumped amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from seeded CdSe\/CdS nanorod heterostructures. ACS Nano 6, 10835\u201310844 (2012).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1021\/nl203235u","volume":"11","author":"Y Gao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gao, Y. et al. Enhanced hot-carrier cooling and ultrafast spectral diffusion in strongly coupled PbSe quantum-dot solids. Nano Lett. 11, 5471\u20135476 (2011).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186802\/1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.186802","volume":"89","author":"SA Crooker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Crooker, S. A., Hollingsworth, J. A., Tretiak, S. & Klimov, V. I. Spectrally resolved dynamics of energy transfer in quantum-dot assemblies: towards engineered energy flows in artificial materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 186802\/1\u2013186802\/4 (2002).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4646","DOI":"10.1021\/nl1028057","volume":"10","author":"AA Lutich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lutich, A. A. et al. Multiexcitonic dual emission in CdSe\/CdS tetrapods and nanorods. Nano Lett. 10, 4646\u20134650 (2010).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104537","volume":"58","author":"VI Klimov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klimov, V. I. Spectral and dynamical properties of multiexcitons in semiconductor nanocrystals. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 58, 635\u2013673 (2007).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1021\/jz500858a","volume":"5","author":"TJ Savenije","year":"2014","unstructured":"Savenije, T. J. et al. Thermally activated exciton dissociation and recombination control the carrier dynamics in organometal halide perovskite. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 2189\u20132194 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6049","volume":"5","author":"M Saba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saba, M. et al. Correlated electron-hole plasma in organometal perovskites. Nat. Commun. 5, 5049 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE01358A","volume":"7","author":"C Wehrenfennig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wehrenfennig, C., Liu, M. Z., Snaith, H. J., Johnston, M. B. & Herz, L. M. Charge-carrier dynamics in vapour-deposited films of the organolead halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3\u2212xClx . Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 2269\u20132275 (2014).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11610","DOI":"10.1021\/ja506624n","volume":"136","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamada, Y., Nakamura, T., Endo, M., Wakamiya, A. & Kanemitsu, Y. Photocarrier recombination dynamics in perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 for solar cell applications. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 11610\u201311613 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9815","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5036476","volume":"8","author":"NK Noel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Noel, N. K. et al. Enhanced photoluminescence and solar cell performance via Lewis base passivation of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites. ACS Nano 8, 9815\u20139821 (2014).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8191","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201601418","volume":"28","author":"G Xing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xing, G. et al. Solution-processed tin-based perovskite for near-infrared lasing. Adv. Mater. 28, 8191\u20138196 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFncomms14558_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.19970090308","volume":"9","author":"JC De Mello","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Mello, J. C., Wittmann, H. F. & Friend, R. H. An improved experimental determination of external photoluminescence quantum efficiency. Adv. Mater. 9, 230\u2013232 (1997).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms14558.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms14558","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms14558.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T18:50:04Z","timestamp":1671735004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms14558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncomms14558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms14558","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14558"}}