{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:57:50Z","timestamp":1790621870572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T04:42:18Z","timestamp":1360644138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Enhanced reading by training with imposed time constraint in typical and dyslexic adults"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Zvia","family":"Breznitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Shaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzipi","family":"Horowitz-Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itamar","family":"Sela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nevat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Karni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000631","volume":"20","author":"SE Shaywitz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shaywitz, S. E. & Shaywitz, B. A. . Paying attention to reading: the neurobiology of reading and dyslexia. Dev. Psychopathol. 20, 1329\u20131349 (2008).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x","volume":"45","author":"FR Vellutino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vellutino, F. R., Fletcher, J. M., Snowling, M. J. & Scanlon, D. M. . Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades? J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 45, 2\u201340 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648083","volume":"41","author":"DL Lefly","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lefly, D. L. & Pennington, B. F. . Spelling errors and reading fluency in compensated adult dyslexics. Ann. Dyslexia 41, 143\u2013161 (1991).","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.11.4966","volume":"88","author":"A Karni","year":"1991","unstructured":"Karni, A. & Sagi, D. . Where practice makes perfect in texture discrimination: evidence for primary visual cortex plasticity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 4966\u20134970 (1991).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/365250a0","volume":"365","author":"A Karni","year":"1993","unstructured":"Karni, A. & Sagi, D. . The time course of learning a visual skill. Nature 365, 250\u2013252 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.21.1.149","volume":"21","author":"DV Buonomano","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buonomano, D. V. & Merzenich, M. M. . Cortical plasticity: From syanpses to maps. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 21, 149\u2013186 (1998).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.861","volume":"95","author":"A Karni","year":"1998","unstructured":"Karni, A., Meyer, G., Rey-Hipolito, C., Jezzard, P., Adams, M. M., Turner, R. & Ungerleider, L. G. . The acquisition of skilled motor performance: fast and slow experience-driven changes in primary motor cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 861\u2013868 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13648v","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013648","volume":"5","author":"S Ferman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferman, S. & Karni, A. . No childhood advantage of skill in using an artificial language rule. PLoS ONE 5, e13648v (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000013787","volume":"3","author":"NM Weinberger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weinberger, N. M. & Bakin, J. S. . Learning-induced physiological memory in adult primary auditory cortex: receptive fields plasticity, model, and mechanisms. Audiol. Neurootol. 3, 145\u2013167 (1998).","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000240","volume":"2","author":"S Dorfberger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dorfberger, S., Adi-Japha, E. & Karni, A. . Reduced susceptibility to interference in the consolidation of motor memory before adolescence. PLoS ONE 2, 1\u20136 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2007.03.005","volume":"82","author":"AS Keuroghlian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keuroghlian, A. S. & Knudsen, E. I. . Adaptive auditory plasticity in developing and adult animals. Prog. Neurobiol. 82, 109\u2013121 (2007).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00042-2","volume":"57","author":"JM Edeline","year":"1999","unstructured":"Edeline, J. M. . Learning-induced physiological plasticity in the thalamo-cortical sensory systems: a critical evaluation of receptive field plasticity, map changes and their potential mechanisms. Prog. Neurobiol. 57, 165\u2013224 (1999).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR13","unstructured":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: an evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups (NIH Publication No. 00\u20134754). US Government Printing."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.79.3.236","volume":"79","author":"Z Breznitz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Breznitz, Z. . Increasing first graders' reading accuracy and comprehension by accelerating their reading rates. J. Educ. Psychol. 79, 236\u2013242 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR15","unstructured":"Breznitz, Z. . Reading Fluency: Synchronization of Processes. Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates (2006)."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR16","first-page":"287","volume":"89","author":"Z Breznitz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Breznitz, Z. . The effect of accelerated reading rate on memory for text among dyslexic readers. J. Educ. Psychol. 89, 287\u2013299 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.84.2.193","volume":"84","author":"Z Breznitz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Breznitz, Z. & Share, D.L. . The effect of accelerated reading rate on memory for text. J. Educ. Psychol. 84, 193\u2013200 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2004.11.002","volume":"18","author":"A Karni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karni, A., Morocz, I.A., Bitan, T., Shaul, S., Kushnir, T. & Breznitz, Z. . An fMRI study of the differential effects of word presentation rates (reading acceleration) on dyslexic readers' brain activity patterns. J. Neurolinguistics 18, 197\u2013219 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90094-D","volume":"33","author":"M Fahle","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fahle, M. & Edelman, S. . Long-term learning in vernier acuity: effects of stimulus orientation, range and of feedback. Vis. Res. 33, 397\u2013412 (1993).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR20","first-page":"1493","volume":"38","author":"D Levi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Levi, D., Polat, U & Hu, YS . Improvement in Vernier acuity in adults with amblyopia. Practice makes better. Investigative ophthalmology. Vis. Sci. 38, 1493\u20131510 (1997).","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210983","volume":"2","author":"M Farmer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Farmer, M. & Klein, R. M. . The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2, 460\u2013493 (1995).","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1038\/nn946","volume":"5","author":"G Eden","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eden, G. & Moats, L. . The role of Neuroscience in the remediation of students with dyslexia. Nat. Neurosci. Suppl 5, 1080\u20131084 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci. Suppl"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17137","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242414599","volume":"99","author":"S Schwartz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schwartz, S, Maquet, P & Frith, C. . Neural correlates of perceptual learning: a functional MRI study of visual texture discrimination. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2002 99, 17137\u201317142 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2002"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-005-0013-8","volume":"55","author":"RS Irausquin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Irausquin, R. S., Drent, J. & Verhoeven, L. . Benefits of Computer-presented speed training for poor readers. Ann. Dyslexia 55, 246\u2013265 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1499","volume":"5","author":"P Tallal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tallal, P. . Improving language and literacy is a matter of time. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 5, 721\u2013728 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01005-3","volume":"20","author":"J Stein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stein, J. & Walsh, V. . To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Trends Neurosci. 20, 147\u2013152 (1997).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.6.2402","volume":"97","author":"P Tallal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tallal, P. . The science of literacy: from the laboratory to the classroom. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 2402\u20132404 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.247","volume":"9","author":"J Stein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stein, J. . Evaluation of an exercise based treatment for children with reading difficulties. Dyslexia 9, 48\u201371 (2003).","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR29","first-page":"115","volume":"15","author":"K Tran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tran, K., Yu, C., Okumura, T. & Laukkanen, H. . Effectiveness of an on-line computerized eye movement training program to improve oculomotor control in adult readers: a pilot study. J. Behav. Optom. 15, 115\u2013121 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Optom."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR30","unstructured":"Radach, R., Vorstius, C. & Reilly, R. . The science of speed reading: exploring the impact of speed on visuomotor control and comprehension Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading: Berlin, Germany, 10 July 2010 (2010)."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010244000002","volume":"12","author":"A Judica","year":"2002","unstructured":"Judica, A, De Luca, M., Spinelli, D. & Zoccolotti, P. . Training of developmental surface dyslexia improves reading performance and shortens eye fixation duration in reading. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 12, 177\u2013197 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2001.2637","volume":"80","author":"M De Luca","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Luca, M., Borrelli, M., Judica, A., Spinelli, D. & Aoccolotti, P. . Reading words and pseudowords: an eye movement study of developmental dyslexia. Brain Lang. 80, 617\u2013626 (2002).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283168dc7","volume":"21","author":"AP Leff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leff, A.P. & Behrmann, M. . Treatment of Reading impairment after stroke. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 21, 644\u2013648 (2008).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040546597","volume":"97","author":"JB Talcott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Talcott, J. B. et al. Dynamic sensory sensitivity and children\u2019s word decoding skills. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 2952\u20132957 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03014","volume":"431","author":"T Poggio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Poggio, T. & Bizzi, E. . Generalization in vision and motor control. Nature 431, 768\u2013774 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09042","volume":"465","author":"AM Owen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Owen, A. M. et al. Putting brain training to the test. Nature 465, 775\u2013778 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR37","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-1V American Psychiatric Press (1994)."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR38","unstructured":"Shatil, E. . One-Minute Test for Words University of Haifa, Haifa (1995)."},{"key":"BFncomms2488_CR39","unstructured":"MATAL . Diagnostic battery for the assessment of learning abilities Center for Psychometric Tests, Jerusalem (2007)."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms2488.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms2488","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms2488.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T21:10:23Z","timestamp":1672953023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms2488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncomms2488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms2488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1486"}}