{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:41:09Z","timestamp":1790638869306,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]],"date-time":"2013-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]],"date-time":"2013-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]],"date-time":"2013-09-13T06:17:54Z","timestamp":1379053074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Social amoeba farmers carry defensive symbionts to protect and privatize their crops"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Debra A.","family":"Brock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silven","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alona","family":"Bozhchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Queller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan E.","family":"Strassmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.31.020180.001125","volume":"31","author":"RM Dawes","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dawes, R. M. Social dilemmas. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 31, 169\u2013193 (1980).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1086\/383541","volume":"79","author":"JL Sachs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sachs, J. L., Mueller, U. G., Wilcox, T. P. & Bull, J. J. The evolution of cooperation. Q Rev. Biol. 79, 135\u2013160 (2004).","journal-title":"Q Rev. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.06.004","volume":"17","author":"SA West","year":"2007","unstructured":"West, S. A., Griffin, A. S. & Gardner, A. Evolutionary explanations for cooperation. Curr. Biol. 17, R661\u2013R672 (2007).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessin, R. H. inDictyostelium: Evolution, Cell Biology, and the Development of Multicellularity Cambridge University Press (2001).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525315"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102451108","volume":"108","author":"JE Strassmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strassmann, J. E. & Queller, D. C. Evolution of cooperation and control of cheating in a social microbe. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 10855\u201310862 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/35050087","volume":"408","author":"JE Strassmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Strassmann, J. E., Zhu, Y. & Queller, D. C. Altruism and social cheating in the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. Nature 408, 965\u2013967 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.06.058","volume":"19","author":"NJ Buttery","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buttery, N. J., Rozen, D. E., Wolf, J. B. & Thompson, C. R. L. Quantification of social behavior in D. discoideum reveals complex fixed and facultative strategies. Curr. Biol. 19, 1373\u20131377 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702723104","volume":"104","author":"OM Gilbert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilbert, O. M., Foster, K. R., Mehdiabadi, N. J., Strassmann, J. E. & Queller, D. C. High relatedness maintains multicellular cooperation in a social amoeba by controlling cheater mutants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 8913\u20138917 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.02.037","volume":"19","author":"R Benabentos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benabentos, R. et al. Polymorphic members of the lag gene family mediate kin discrimination in Dictyostelium. Curr. Biol. 19, 567\u2013572 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e287","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060287","volume":"6","author":"EA Ostrowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ostrowski, E. A., Katoh, M., Shaulsky, G., Queller, D. C. & Strassmann, J. E. Kin discrimination increases with genetic distance in a social amoeba. PLoS Biol. 6, e287 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0421","volume":"8","author":"NJ Buttery","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buttery, N. J. et al. Structured growth and genetic drift raise relatedness in the social amoeba D. discoideum. Biol. Lett. 8, 794\u2013797 (2012).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09668","volume":"469","author":"DA Brock","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brock, D. A., Douglas, T. E., Queller, D. C. & Strassmann, J. E. Primitive agriculture in a social amoeba. Nature 469, 393\u2013396 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222313099","volume":"99","author":"D Aanen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aanen, D. et al. The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14887\u201314892 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01318.x","volume":"55","author":"B Farrell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Farrell, B. et al. The evolution of agriculture in beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Evolution 55, 2011\u20132027 (2001).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1086\/393867","volume":"76","author":"U Mueller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mueller, U., Schultz, T., Currie, C., Adams, R. & Malloch, D. The origin of the ant-fungus mutualism. Q Rev. Biol. 76, 169\u2013197 (2001).","journal-title":"Q Rev. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15643","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535227100","volume":"100","author":"BR Silliman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Silliman, B. R. & Newell, S. Y. Fungal farming in a snail. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 15643\u201315648 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2006.0528","volume":"2","author":"H Hata","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hata, H. & Kato, M. A novel obligate cultivation mutualism between damselfish and Polysiphonia algae. Biol. Lett. 2, 593\u2013596 (2006).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3859.1243","volume":"162","author":"G Hardin","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hardin, G. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162, 1243\u20131248 (1968).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrom, E. inGoverning The Commons: The Evolution of Institutions For Collective Action Cambridge University Press (1990).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01792.x","volume":"12","author":"A Fortunato","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fortunato, A., Strassmann, J. E., Santorelli, L. A. & Queller, D. C. Co-occurrence in nature of different clones of the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol. Ecol. 12, 1031\u20131038 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.161024","volume":"56","author":"MA Riley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riley, M. A. & Wertz, J. E. Bacteriocins: evolution, ecology, and application. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56, 117\u2013137 (2002).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R245","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(98)90108-9","volume":"5","author":"J Handlesman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Handlesman, J., Rondon, M., Brady, S., Clardy, J. & Goodman, R. Molecular biological access to the chemistry of unknown 0095 SP soil microbes: a new frontier for natural products. Chem. Biol. 5, R245\u2013R249 (1998).","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR23","first-page":"278","volume":"Vol. 12","author":"W Russell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Russell, W. & Herwald, H. inContriubtions to Microbiology Vol. 12, eds Schmidt A., Herwald H. 278Karger (2004).","journal-title":"Contriubtions to Microbiology"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stallforth, P. et al. A bacterial symbiont is converted from an inedible producer of beneficial molecules into a food by a single mutation in the gacA gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi:10.1073\/pnas.1308199110 (2013).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308199110"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR25","first-page":"79","volume":"3","author":"M Schrallhammer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schrallhammer, M. The killer trait of Paramecium and its causative agents. Paleodiversity 3, (Suppl): 79\u201388 (2010).","journal-title":"Paleodiversity"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/19519","volume":"398","author":"C Currie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Currie, C., Scott, J., Summerbell, R. & Malloch, D. Fungus growing ants use antibiotic-producing bacteria to control garden parasites. Nature 398, 701\u2013704 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.159","volume":"5","author":"D-C Oh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oh, D.-C., Poulsen, M., Currie, C. R. & Clardy, J. Dentigerumycin: a bacterial mediator of an ant-fungus symbiosis. Nat. Chem. Biol. 5, 391\u2013393 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160423","volume":"322","author":"J Scott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scott, J. et al. Bacterial protection of beetle-fungus mutualism. Science 322, 63 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2005.11832895","volume":"96","author":"HT Reynolds","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reynolds, H. T. Pathogenicity of Escovopsis weberi: the parasite of the attine ant-microbe symbiosis directly consumes the ant-cultivated fungus. Mycologia 96, 955\u2013959 (2004).","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.7998","volume":"96","author":"CR Currie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Currie, C. R., Mueller, U. G. & Malloch, D. The agricultural pathology of ant fungus gardens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 7998\u20138002 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms3385_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.2307\/2533558","volume":"53","author":"MG Kenward","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kenward, M. G. & Roger, D. M. Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics 53, 983\u2013997 (1997).","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms3385.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms3385","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms3385.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T20:36:36Z","timestamp":1672950996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms3385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncomms3385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms3385","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718106790.793484884","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2385"}}