{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T20:55:13Z","timestamp":1793480113671,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,26]],"date-time":"2015-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,26]],"date-time":"2015-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of DNA decorated with histones and proteases trap and kill bacteria but also injure host tissue. Here we show that during a bloodstream infection with methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the majority of bacteria are sequestered immediately by hepatic Kupffer cells, resulting in transient increases in liver enzymes, focal ischaemic areas and a robust neutrophil infiltration into the liver. The neutrophils release NETs into the liver vasculature, which remain anchored to the vascular wall via von Willebrand factor and reveal significant neutrophil elastase (NE) proteolytic activity. Importantly, DNase although very effective at DNA removal, and somewhat effective at inhibiting NE proteolytic activity, fails to remove the majority of histones from the vessel wall and only partly reduces injury. By contrast, inhibition of NET production as modelled by PAD4-deficiency, or prevention of NET formation and proteolytic activity as modelled in NE\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice prevent collateral host tissue damage.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,26]],"date-time":"2015-03-26T06:58:50Z","timestamp":1427353130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":557,"title":["Molecular mechanisms of NET formation and degradation revealed by intravital imaging in the liver vasculature"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Kolaczkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig N.","family":"Jenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bas G. J.","family":"Surewaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajitha","family":"Thanabalasuriar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo-Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Jesus","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerri","family":"Mowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghislain","family":"Opdenakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kubes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399","volume":"13","author":"E Kolaczkowska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kolaczkowska, E. & Kubes, P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13, 159\u2013175 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-04-457671","volume":"122","author":"BG Yipp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yipp, B. G. & Kubes, P. NETosis: how vital is it? Blood 122, 2784\u20132794 (2013).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2514","volume":"17","author":"M Phillipson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phillipson, M. & Kubes, P. The neutrophil in vascular inflammation. Nature Med. 17, 1381\u20131390 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","volume":"303","author":"V Brinkmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brinkmann, V. et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science 303, 1532\u20131535 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.12.039","volume":"124","author":"KY Helmy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Helmy, K. Y. et al. CRIg: a macrophage complement receptor required for phagocytosis of circulating pathogens. Cell 124, 915\u2013927 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.011","volume":"12","author":"B McDonald","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDonald, B., Urrutia, R., Yipp, B. G., Jenne, C. N. & Kubes, P. Intravascular neutrophil extracellular traps capture bacteria from the bloodstream during sepsis. Cell Host Microbe 12, 324\u2013333 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12608","volume":"164","author":"M Gunzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gunzer, M. Traps and hyper inflammation - new ways that neutrophils promote or hinder survival. Br. J. Haematol. 164, 189\u2013199 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100239","volume":"207","author":"P Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, P. et al. PAD4 is essential for antibacterial innate immunity mediated by neutrophil extracellular traps. J. Exp. Med. 207, 1853\u20131862 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201006052","volume":"191","author":"V Papayannopoulos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Papayannopoulos, V., Metzler, K. D., Hakkim, A. & Zychlinsky, A. Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase regulate the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. J. Cell Biol. 191, 677\u2013691 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606027","volume":"176","author":"TA Fuchs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fuchs, T. A. et al. Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J. Cell Biol. 176, 231\u2013241 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7413","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000675","volume":"185","author":"FH Pilsczek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pilsczek, F. H. et al. A novel mechanism of rapid nuclear neutrophil extracellular trap formation in response to Staphylococcus aureus. J. Immunol. 185, 7413\u20137425 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61303","volume":"122","author":"A Caudrillier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caudrillier, A. et al. Platelets induce neutrophil extracellular traps in transfusion-related acute lung injury. J. Clin. Invest. 122, 2661\u20132671 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR13","first-page":"611","volume":"2","author":"T Pressler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pressler, T. Review of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) in the management of patients with cystic fibrosis. Biologics 2, 611\u2013617 (2008).","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028526","volume":"6","author":"V Papayannopoulos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Papayannopoulos, V., Staab, D. & Zychlinsky, A. Neutrophil elastase enhances sputum solubilization in cystic fibrosis patients receiving DNase therapy. PLoS One 6, e28526 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2987","volume":"15","author":"N Branzk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Branzk, N. et al. Neutrophils sense microbe size and selectively release neutrophil extracellular traps in response to large pathogens. Nat. Immunol. 15, 1017\u20131025 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005743107","volume":"107","author":"TA Fuchs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fuchs, T. A. et al. Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 15880\u201315885 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.108.6.925","volume":"108","author":"JG Hirsch","year":"1958","unstructured":"Hirsch, J. G. Bactericidal action of histone. J. Exp. Med. 108, 925\u2013944 (1958).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032366","volume":"7","author":"M Saffarzadeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saffarzadeh, M. et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death: a predominant role of histones. PLoS One 7, e32366 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2053","volume":"15","author":"J Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. Extracellular histones are major mediators of death in sepsis. Nature Med. 15, 1318\u20131321 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000639","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000639","volume":"5","author":"CF Urban","year":"2009","unstructured":"Urban, C. F. et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps contain calprotectin, a cytosolic protein complex involved in host defense against Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog. 5, e1000639 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01512-X","volume":"473","author":"J Duranton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duranton, J. et al. Effect of DNase on the activity of neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3 in the presence of DNA. FEBS Lett. 473, 154\u2013156 (2000).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.6.3787","volume":"275","author":"J Duranton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duranton, J., Boudier, C., Belorgey, D., Mellet, P. & Bieth, J. G. DNA strongly impairs the inhibition of cathepsin G by alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin and alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 3787\u20133792 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00173-7","volume":"361","author":"D Belorgey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Belorgey, D. & Bieth, J. G. DNA binds neutrophil elastase and mucus proteinase inhibitor and impairs their functional activity. FEBS Lett. 361, 265\u2013268 (1995).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16416","DOI":"10.1021\/bi981536o","volume":"37","author":"D Belorgey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Belorgey, D. & Bieth, J. G. Effect of polynucleotides on the inhibition of neutrophil elastase by mucus proteinase inhibitor and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. Biochemistry 37, 16416\u201316422 (1998).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0380OC","volume":"47","author":"AV Dubois","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dubois, A. V. et al. Influence of DNA on the activities and inhibition of neutrophil serine proteases in cystic fibrosis sputum. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 47, 80\u201386 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70285-1","volume":"11","author":"GE Thwaites","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thwaites, G. E. et al. Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Lancet Infect. Dis. 11, 208\u2013222 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2013.02.005","volume":"97","author":"PS Pottinger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pottinger, P. S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Med. Clin. North Am. 97, 601\u2013619 (2013).","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3552","volume":"13","author":"RS Hotchkiss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hotchkiss, R. S., Monneret, G. & Payen, D. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13, 862\u2013874 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.06.008","volume":"32","author":"R Saginur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saginur, R. & Suh, K. N. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia of unknown primary source: where do we stand? Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 32, (Suppl 1)): S21\u2013S25 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2631","volume":"14","author":"CH Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong, C. H., Jenne, C. N., Petri, B., Chrobok, N. L. & Kubes, P. Nucleation of platelets with blood-borne pathogens on Kupffer cells precedes other innate immunity and contributes to bacterial clearance. Nat. Immunol. 14, 785\u2013792 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0096(199910)27:8<478::AID-JCU11>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"27","author":"J Verbanck","year":"1999","unstructured":"Verbanck, J., Ponette, J., Verbanck, M., Vandewiele, I. & Segaert, M. Sonographic detection of multiple Staphylococcus aureus hepatic microabscesses mimicking Candida abscesses. J. Clin. Ultrasound 27, 478\u2013481 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2012.02917.x","volume":"120","author":"KE Soerensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soerensen, K. E. et al. The use of sequential organ failure assessment parameters in an awake porcine model of severe Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. APMIS 120, 909\u2013921 (2012).","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1159\/000050153","volume":"18","author":"JA Alvarez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alvarez, J. A. et al. Single and multiple pyogenic liver abscesses: etiology, clinical course, and outcome. Dig. Surg. 18, 283\u2013288 (2001).","journal-title":"Dig. Surg."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071765","volume":"205","author":"B McDonald","year":"2008","unstructured":"McDonald, B. et al. Interaction of CD44 and hyaluronan is the dominant mechanism for neutrophil sequestration in inflamed liver sinusoids. J. Exp. Med. 205, 915\u2013927 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(97)00096-0","volume":"86","author":"CM Ward","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ward, C. M., Tetaz, T. J., Andrews, R. K. & Berndt, M. C. Binding of the von Willebrand factor A1 domain to histone. Thromb. Res. 86, 469\u2013477 (1997).","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1656","volume":"13","author":"R Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, R. et al. Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA. Nature Med. 13, 1510\u20131514 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1159\/000319855","volume":"2","author":"YY Pang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pang, Y. Y. et al. agr-Dependent interactions of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 with human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J. Innate Immun. 2, 546\u2013559 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00046-11","volume":"79","author":"GY Cheung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheung, G. Y., Wang, R., Khan, B. A., Sturdevant, D. E. & Otto, M. Role of the accessory gene regulator agr in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 79, 1927\u20131935 (2011).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.10.015","volume":"68","author":"AJ Kaasch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaasch, A. J. et al. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a pooled analysis of five prospective, observational studies. J. Infect. 68, 242\u2013251 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03822.x","volume":"18","author":"GR Nimmo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nimmo, G. R. USA300 abroad: global spread of a virulent strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18, 725\u2013734 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111354","volume":"208","author":"W Xiao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xiao, W. et al. A genomic storm in critically injured humans. J. Exp. Med. 208, 2581\u20132590 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.056689","volume":"61","author":"N Khanna","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khanna, N. & Inkster, T. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hepatic abscess treated with tigecycline. J. Clin. Pathol. 61, 967\u2013968 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21296","volume":"29","author":"N De Simone","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Simone, N. et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange in the management of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: a report of three cases. J. Clin. Apher. 29, 127\u2013131 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2691","volume":"14","author":"CN Jenne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jenne, C. N. & Kubes, P. Immune surveillance by the liver. Nat. Immunol. 14, 996\u20131006 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/150.6_Pt_2.S123","volume":"150","author":"M Jochum","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jochum, M., Gippner-Steppert, C., Machleidt, W. & Fritz, H. The role of phagocyte proteinases and proteinase inhibitors in multiple organ failure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150, S123\u2013S130 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.52.070183.003255","volume":"52","author":"J Travis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Travis, J. & Salvesen, G. S. Human plasma proteinase inhibitors. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52, 655\u2013709 (1983).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0808460","volume":"85","author":"E Kolaczkowska","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kolaczkowska, E. et al. Neutrophil elastase activity compensates for a genetic lack of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in leukocyte infiltration in a model of experimental peritonitis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 85, 374\u2013381 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238.2013.770819","volume":"48","author":"J Vandooren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vandooren, J., Van den Steen, P. E. & Opdenakker, G. Biochemistry and molecular biology of gelatinase B or matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9): the next decade. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 48, 222\u2013272 (2013).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.36.020185.001231","volume":"36","author":"A Janoff","year":"1985","unstructured":"Janoff, A. Elastase in tissue injury. Annu. Rev. Med. 36, 207\u2013216 (1985).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.303016","volume":"34","author":"S Grassle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grassle, S. et al. von Willebrand factor directly interacts with DNA from neutrophil extracellular traps. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 34, 1382\u20131389 (2014).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0711387","volume":"91","author":"H Parker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parker, H., Albrett, A. M., Kettle, A. J. & Winterbourn, C. C. Myeloperoxidase associated with neutrophil extracellular traps is active and mediates bacterial killing in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. J. Leukoc. Biol. 91, 369\u2013376 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.F258","volume":"28","author":"GH Caughey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caughey, G. H. Building a better heparin. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 28, 129\u2013132 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6946","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.404301","volume":"288","author":"C Longstaff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Longstaff, C. et al. Mechanical stability and fibrinolytic resistance of clots containing fibrin, DNA, and histones. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 6946\u20136956 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31171","volume":"83","author":"JV Edwards","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edwards, J. V. & Howley, P. S. Human neutrophil elastase and collagenase sequestration with phosphorylated cotton wound dressings. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 83, 446\u2013454 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090793","volume":"177","author":"T Ishii","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ishii, T. et al. Neutrophil elastase contributes to acute lung injury induced by bilateral nephrectomy. Am. J. Pathol. 177, 1665\u20131673 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvm011","volume":"77","author":"G Sanchez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sanchez, G. et al. Exercise and tachycardia increase NADPH oxidase and ryanodine receptor-2 activity: possible role in cardioprotection. Cardiovasc. Res. 77, 380\u2013386 (2008).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1274","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90346.2008","volume":"295","author":"J Jun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jun, J. et al. Intermittent hypoxia has organ-specific effects on oxidative stress. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 295, R1274\u2013R1281 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2847","volume":"18","author":"BG Yipp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yipp, B. G. et al. Infection-induced NETosis is a dynamic process involving neutrophil multitasking in vivo. Nature Med. 18, 1386\u20131393 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFncomms7673_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.01.005","volume":"13","author":"CN Jenne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jenne, C. N. et al. Neutrophils recruited to sites of infection protect from virus challenge by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps. Cell Host Microbe 13, 169\u2013180 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7673.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7673","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7673.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T06:56:45Z","timestamp":1672901805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,26]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncomms7673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms7673","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.725405159.793540026","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6673"}}