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Follicular regulatory T cells (T<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub>) are a recently characterized subset of lymphocytes that influence the germinal centre response through interactions with follicular helper T cells (T<jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>). Here, utilizing both human and rhesus macaque models, we show the impact of HIV and SIV infection on T<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub> number and function. We find that T<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub> proportionately and numerically expand during infection through mechanisms involving viral entry and replication, TGF-\u03b2 signalling, low apoptosis rates and the presence of regulatory dendritic cells. Further, T<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub> exhibit elevated regulatory phenotypes and impair T<jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub> functions during HIV infection. Thus, T<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub> contribute to inefficient germinal centre responses and inhibit HIV and SIV clearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]],"date-time":"2015-10-20T10:21:13Z","timestamp":1445336473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Follicular regulatory T cells impair follicular T helper cells in HIV and SIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Brodie","family":"Miles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy M.","family":"Folkvord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Kimball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mastooreh","family":"Chamanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amie L.","family":"Meditz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Arends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin D.","family":"McCarter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva G.","family":"Rakasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Connick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms9608_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1972","volume":"15","author":"N Chomont","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chomont, N. et al. 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