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Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we selectively imaged motile human and bull sperm located within one micron of a surface, revealing a distinct two-dimensional (2D) \u2018slither\u2019 swimming mode whereby the full cell length (50\u201380\u2009\u03bcm) is confined within 1\u2009\u03bcm of a surface. This behaviour is distinct from bulk and near-wall swimming modes where the flagellar wave is helical and the head continuously rotates. The slither mode is intermittent (\u223c1\u2009s, \u223c70\u2009\u03bcm), and in human sperm, is observed only for viscosities over 20\u2009mPa\u00b7s. Bull sperm are slower in this surface-confined swimming mode, owing to a decrease in their flagellar wave amplitude. In contrast, human sperm are \u223c50% faster\u2014suggesting a strategy that is well suited to the highly viscous and confined lumen within the human fallopian tube.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,10]],"date-time":"2015-11-10T10:55:04Z","timestamp":1447152904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":181,"title":["Two-dimensional slither swimming of sperm within a micrometre of a surface"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Nosrati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amine","family":"Driouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms9703_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-121108-145442","volume":"43","author":"EA Gaffney","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gaffney, E. 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