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Understanding these emissions may improve air quality modelling as NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> contributes to formation of tropospheric ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), a powerful air pollutant. Here we identify the environmental and management factors that regulate soil NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> emissions in a high-temperature agricultural region of California. We also investigate whether soil NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> emissions are capable of influencing regional air quality. We report some of the highest soil NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> emissions ever observed. Emissions vary nonlinearly with fertilization, temperature and soil moisture. We find that a regional air chemistry model often underestimates soil NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> emissions and NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> at the surface and in the troposphere. Adjusting the model to match NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> observations leads to elevated tropospheric O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. Our results suggest management can greatly reduce soil NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> emissions, thereby improving air quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,10]],"date-time":"2015-11-10T15:48:19Z","timestamp":1447170499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Unusually high soil nitrogen oxide emissions influence air quality in a high-temperature agricultural region"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"P. 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