{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:51:57Z","timestamp":1790423517677,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]],"date-time":"2008-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1218499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]],"date-time":"2008-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1218499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Endocrinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]],"date-time":"2008-08-12T10:59:59Z","timestamp":1218538799000},"page":"496-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The altered adrenal axis and treatment with glucocorticoids during critical illness"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Dieter","family":"Mesotten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Vanhorebeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Van den Berghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR1","first-page":"1827","volume":"83","author":"G Van den Berghe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Van den Berghe G  et al. (1998) Acute and prolonged critical illness as different neuroendocrine paradigms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 1827\u20131834","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0071","volume":"2","author":"I Vanhorebeek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vanhorebeek I  et al. (2006) Endocrine aspects of acute and prolonged critical illness. Nature Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2: 20\u201331","journal-title":"Nature Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0727-7","volume":"33","author":"B Venkatesh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Venkatesh B  et al. (2007) Evidence of altered cortisol metabolism in critically ill patients: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med 33: 1746\u20131753","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR4","first-page":"135","volume":"18","author":"PC White","year":"1997","unstructured":"White PC  et al. (1997) 11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Endocr Rev 18: 135\u2013156","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2374","volume":"8","author":"H Prigent","year":"2004","unstructured":"Prigent H  et al. (2004) Corticotherapy in sepsis. Crit Care 8: 122\u2013129","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-007-9058-9","volume":"8","author":"S Venkataraman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Venkataraman S  et al. (2007) The hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis in critical illness. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 8: 365\u2013373","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2878","volume":"8","author":"H Prigent","year":"2004","unstructured":"Prigent H  et al. (2004) Mechanisms of impaired adrenal function in sepsis and molecular actions of glucocorticoids. Crit Care 8: 243\u2013252","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020529","volume":"348","author":"MS Cooper","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cooper MS and Stewart PM (2003) Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 348: 727\u2013734","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/305325a0","volume":"305","author":"C Rivier","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rivier C and Vale W (1983) Modulation of stress-induced ACTH release by corticotropin-releasing factor, catecholamines and vasopressin. Nature 305: 325\u2013327","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR10","first-page":"567","volume-title":"Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab","author":"GAW Rook","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rook GAW (1999) Glucocorticoids and immune function. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 13: 567\u2013581"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.5.1784","volume":"122","author":"PE Marik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marik PE and Zaloga GP (2002) Adrenal insufficiency in the critically ill: a new look at an old problem. Chest 122: 1784\u20131796","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.6.1037","volume":"16","author":"MS Cooper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cooper MS  et al. (2001) Modulation of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozymes by proinflammatory cytokines in osteoblasts: an autocrine switch from glucocorticoid inactivation to activation. J Bone Miner Res 16: 1037\u20131044","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340101073","volume":"27","author":"A Beishuizen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beishuizen A  et al. (2001) Patterns of corticosteroid-binding globulin and the free cortisol index during septic shock and multitrauma. Intensive Care Med 27: 1584\u20131591","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2089","volume":"91","author":"I Vanhorebeek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vanhorebeek I  et al. (2006) Cortisol response to critical illness: effect of intensive insulin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 3803\u20133813","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066607307832","volume":"22","author":"MS Cooper","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cooper MS and Stewart PM (2007) Adrenal insufficiency in critical illness. J Intensive Care Med 22: 348\u2013362","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/336257a0","volume":"336","author":"PA Pemberton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pemberton PA  et al. (1988) Hormone binding globulins undergo serpin conformational change in inflammation. Nature 336: 257\u2013258","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-1-34","volume":"71","author":"GL Hammond","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hammond GL  et al. (1990) A role for corticosteroid-binding globulin in delivery of cortisol to activated neutrophils. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71: 34\u201339","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020266","volume":"350","author":"AH Hamrahian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hamrahian AH  et al. (2004) Measurements of serum free cortisol in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 350: 1629\u20131638","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1053\/beem.2001.0166","volume":"15","author":"I Vermes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vermes I and Beishuizen A (2001) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to critical illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 15: 495\u2013511","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.5.5631","volume":"84","author":"SR Bornstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bornstein SR and Chrousos GP (1999) Clinical review 104: adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)- and non-ACTH-mediated regulation of the adrenal cortex: neural and immune inputs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 1729\u20131736","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199501000-00015","volume":"23","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rothwell PM and Lawler PG. (1995) Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters. Crit Care Med 23: 78\u201383","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.8.1038","volume":"283","author":"D Annane","year":"2000","unstructured":"Annane D  et al. (2000) A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin. J Am Med Assoc 283: 1038\u20131045","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2258","volume":"91","author":"W Arlt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arlt W  et al. (2006) Dissociation of serum dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in septic shock. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 2548\u20132554","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000063282.83188.3D","volume":"31","author":"C Marx","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marx C  et al. (2003) Adrenocortical hormones in survivors and nonsurvivors of severe sepsis: diverse time course of dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cortisol. Crit Care Med 31: 1382\u20131388","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0674","volume":"91","author":"BM Arafah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arafah BM (2006) Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function during critical illness: limitations of current assessment methods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 3725\u20133745","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.7.862","volume":"288","author":"D Annane","year":"2002","unstructured":"Annane D  et al. (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288: 862\u2013871","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91641-7","volume":"337","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rothwell PM  et al. (1991) Cortisol response to corticotropin and survival in septic shock. Lancet 337: 582\u2013583","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000185641.87051.7C","volume":"33","author":"V Siraux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Siraux V  et al. (2005) Relative adrenal insufficiency in patients with septic shock: comparison of low-dose and conventional corticotropin tests. Crit Care Med 33: 2479\u20132486","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0354","volume":"90","author":"IE Widmer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Widmer IE  et al. (2005) Cortisol response in relation to the severity of stress and illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 4579\u20134586","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4973","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1196","volume":"90","author":"G Dickstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dickstein G (2005) On the term \u201crelative adrenal insufficiency\u201d\u2014or what do we really measure with the adrenal stimulation tests? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 4973\u20134974","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000186887.21494.4A","volume":"33","author":"D Annane","year":"2005","unstructured":"Annane D (2005) Low-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone test is not ready for routine adrenal function testing in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 33: 2688\u20132689","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0503300208","volume":"33","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Venkatesh  et al. (2005) Evaluation of random cortisol and the low dose corticotropin test as indicators of adrenal secretory capacity in critically ill patients: a prospective study. Anaesth Intensive Care 33: 201\u2013209","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0265","volume":"91","author":"JT Ho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ho JT  et al. (2006) Septic shock and sepsis: a comparison of total and free plasma cortisol levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91: 105\u2013114","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318172fdba","volume":"106","author":"S Bendel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bendel S  et al. (2008) Free cortisol in sepsis and septic shock. Anesth Analg 106: 1813\u20131819","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0389-x","volume":"32","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cohen  et al. (2006) Variability of cortisol assays can confound the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in the critically ill population. Intensive Care Med 32: 1901\u20131905","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e32818a6d74","volume":"13","author":"PE Marik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marik PE (2007) Mechanisms and clinical consequences of critical illness associated adrenal insufficiency. Curr Opin Crit Care 13: 363\u2013369","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group (1987) Effect of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical signs of systemic sepsis. N Engl J Med 317: 659\u2013665","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198709103171102"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198709103171101","volume":"317","author":"RC Bone","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bone RC  et al. (1987) A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 317: 653\u2013658","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199507000-00021","volume":"23","author":"R Lefering","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lefering R and Neugebauer EAM (1995) Steroid controversy in sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 23: 1294\u20131303","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199508000-00019","volume":"23","author":"L Cronin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cronin L  et al. (1995) Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med 23: 1430\u20131439","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.1.62","volume":"138","author":"JM Luce","year":"1988","unstructured":"Luce JM  et al. (1988) Ineffectiveness of high-dose methylprednisolone in preventing parenchymal lung injury and improving mortality in patients with septic shock. Am Rev Respir Dis 138: 62\u201368","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712173172504","volume":"317","author":"GR Bernard","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bernard GR  et al. (1987) High dose corticosteroids in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 317: 1565\u20131570","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)29921-9","volume":"190","author":"BM Altura","year":"1974","unstructured":"Altura BM and Altura BT (1974) Peripheral vascular actions of glucocorticoids and their relationship to protection in circulatory shock. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 190: 300\u2013315","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.159","volume":"280","author":"GU Meduri","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meduri GU  et al. (1998) Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory stress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280: 159\u2013165","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Trials Network (2006) Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 354: 1671\u20131684","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051693"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2100","volume":"131","author":"GU Meduri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meduri GU  et al. (2007) Methylprednisolone infusion in early severe ARDS: results of a randomized controlled trial. Chest 131: 954\u2013963","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0933-3","volume":"34","author":"GU Meduri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meduri GU  et al. (2008) Steroid treatment in ARDS: a critical appraisal of the ARDS network trial and the recent literature. Intensive Care Med 34: 61\u201369","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39537.939039.BE","volume":"336","author":"JV Peter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peter JV  et al. (2008) Corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults: meta-analysis. BMJ 336: 1006\u20131009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199804000-00010","volume":"26","author":"P-E Bollaert","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bollaert P-E  et al. (1998) Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 26: 645\u2013650","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199904000-00025","volume":"27","author":"J Briegel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Briegel J  et al. (1999) Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 27: 723\u2013732","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071366","volume":"358","author":"CL Sprung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sprung CL  et al. for the Corticus Study Group (2008) Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 358: 111\u2013124","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000259465.92018.6E","volume":"35","author":"D Lipiner-Friedman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lipiner-Friedman D  et al. for the Corticus Study Group (2007) Adrenal function in sepsis: the retrospective Corticus cohort study. Crit Care Med 35: 1012\u20131018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17188-2","volume":"364","author":"I Roberts","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roberts I  et al. for the CRASH trial collaborators (2004) Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364: 1321\u20131328","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.14.1562","volume":"297","author":"J Halonen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Halonen J  et al. (2007) Corticosteroids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 297: 1562\u20131567","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60526-1","volume":"369","author":"B Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois B  et al. for the Association des R\u00e9animateur du Centre-Ouest (ARCO) (2007) 12-h treatment with methylprednisolone versus placebo for prevention of postextubation laryngeal oedema: a randomized double-blind trial. Lancet 369: 1083\u20131089","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR56","first-page":"151","volume":"77","author":"M Reincke","year":"1993","unstructured":"Reincke M  et al. (1993) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in critical illness: response to dexamethasone and corticotropin-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77: 151\u2013156","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011300","volume":"345","author":"G Van den Berghe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van den Berghe G  et al. (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345: 1359\u20131367","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052521","volume":"354","author":"G Van den Berghe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van den Berghe G  et al. (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in medical intensive care patients. N Engl J Med 354: 449\u2013461","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441001","volume":"344","author":"GR Bernard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bernard GR  et al. for the Recombinant human protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) study group (2001) Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 344: 699\u2013709","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe0708098","volume":"358","author":"S Finfer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finfer S (2008) Corticosteroids in septic shock. N Engl J Med 358: 188\u2013190","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31817603ba","volume":"36","author":"PE Marik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marik PE  et al. (2008) Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 36: 1937\u20131949","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFncpendmet0921_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41","volume":"36","author":"RP Dellinger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dellinger RP  et al. (2008) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 36: 296\u2013327","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpendmet0921.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpendmet0921","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpendmet0921.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T14:01:35Z","timestamp":1744293695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpendmet0921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncpendmet0921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpendmet0921","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-8366","1745-8374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-8366","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-8374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}