{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:42:40Z","timestamp":1791582160963,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,31]],"date-time":"2007-10-31T17:03:20Z","timestamp":1193850200000},"page":"622-634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Mechanisms of Disease: HCV-induced liver injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"John A","family":"Mengshol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Golden-Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo R","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2003.50253","volume":"9","author":"HR Rosen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rosen HR (2003) Hepatitis C pathogenesis: mechanisms of viral clearance and liver injury. Liver Transpl 9: S35\u2013S43","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2005.05.003","volume":"9","author":"DL Thomas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomas DL and Seeff LB (2005) Natural history of hepatitis C. Clin Liver Dis 9: 383\u2013398","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401119","volume":"10","author":"H Bantel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bantel H and Schulze-Osthoff K (2003) Apoptosis in hepatitis C virus infection. Cell Death Differ 10 (Suppl 1): S48\u2013S58","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20411","volume":"40","author":"H Bantel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bantel H et al. (2004) Detection of apoptotic caspase activation in sera from patients with chronic HCV infection is associated with fibrotic liver injury. Hepatology 40: 1078\u20131087","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20051","volume":"39","author":"A Canbay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Canbay A et al. (2004) Apoptosis: the nexus of liver injury and fibrosis. Hepatology 39: 273\u2013278","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000069036.63405.5C","volume":"83","author":"A Canbay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Canbay A et al. (2003) Apoptotic body engulfment by a human stellate cell line is profibrogenic. Lab Invest 83: 655\u2013663","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.037","volume":"129","author":"ES Baskin-Bey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baskin-Bey ES and Gores GJ (2005) Caspase-8, death-receptor signaling, and hepatocarcinogenesis: the Fas and the furious. Gastroenterology 129: 1790\u20131792","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401114","volume":"10","author":"GM Fimia","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fimia GM et al. (2003) Transgenic models for hepatitis C virus pathogenesis. Cell Death Differ 10 (Suppl 1): S16\u2013S18","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.9.4372-4379.2006","volume":"80","author":"K Saito","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saito K et al. (2006) Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis by a protective effect involving cellular FLICE inhibitory protein. J Virol 80: 4372\u20134379","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-7-1527","volume":"78","author":"K Moriya","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moriya K et al. (1997) Hepatitis C virus core protein induces hepatic steatosis in transgenic mice. J Gen Virol 78: 1527\u20131531","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/2053","volume":"4","author":"K Moriya","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moriya K et al. (1998) The core protein of hepatitis C virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Nat Med 4: 1065\u20131067","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.31474","volume":"122","author":"MM Lai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lai MM (2002) Hepatitis C virus proteins: direct link to hepatic oxidative stress, steatosis, carcinogenesis and more. Gastroenterology 122: 568\u2013571","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.31001","volume":"122","author":"H Lerat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lerat H et al. (2002) Steatosis and liver cancer in transgenic mice expressing the structural and nonstructural proteins of hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterology 122: 352\u2013365","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.072","volume":"130","author":"G Szabo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Szabo G (2006) Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein\u2014a master regulator? Gastroenterology 130: 995\u2013999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.12.030","volume":"130","author":"SK Nanda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nanda SK et al. (2006) Src homology 3 domain of hepatitis C virus NS5A protein interacts with Bin1 and is important for apoptosis and infectivity. Gastroenterology 130: 794\u2013809","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290345","volume":"15","author":"N Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang N et al. (2005) The role of apoptosis in the development and function of T lymphocytes. Cell Res 15: 749\u2013769","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR17","volume-title":"Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease","author":"V Kumar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kumar V et al. (2005) Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, edn 7. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.067801","volume":"54","author":"SC Afford","year":"2005","unstructured":"Afford SC and Adams DH (2005) Following the TRAIL from hepatitis C virus and alcohol to fatty liver. Gut 54: 1518\u20131520","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21062","volume":"43","author":"H Malhi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Malhi H et al. (2006) Apoptosis and necrosis in the liver: a tale of two deaths? Hepatology 43 (Suppl 1): S31\u2013S44","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S235","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20958","volume":"43","author":"N Kaplowitz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaplowitz N (2006) Liver biology and pathobiology. Hepatology 43 (Suppl 1): S235\u2013S238","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/364806a0","volume":"364","author":"J Ogasawara","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ogasawara J et al. (1993) Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice. Nature 364: 806\u2013809","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02100142","volume":"41","author":"M Okazaki","year":"1996","unstructured":"Okazaki M et al. (1996) Hepatic Fas antigen expression before and after interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 41: 2453\u20132458","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190606","volume":"19","author":"N Hiramatsu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hiramatsu N et al. (1994) Immunohistochemical detection of Fas antigen in liver tissue of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 19: 1354\u20131359","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.11.017","volume":"346","author":"K Iken","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iken K et al. (2006) Apoptosis of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is enhanced by co-culture with hepatocytes expressing hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural proteins through FasL induction. Virology 346: 363\u2013372","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-864784","volume":"25","author":"HL Tillmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tillmann HL et al. (2005) Merging models of hepatitis C virus pathogenesis. Semin Liver Dis 25: 84\u201392","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.069757","volume":"55","author":"T Asselah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Asselah T et al. (2006) Steatosis in chronic hepatitis C: why does it really matter? Gut 55: 123\u2013130","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3.53","volume":"3","author":"EJ Yoon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yoon EJ and Hu KQ (2006) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hepatic steatosis. Int J Med Sci 3: 53\u201356","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.02.044","volume":"355","author":"KH Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim KH et al. (2007) HCV core protein induces hepatic lipid accumulation by activating SREBP1 and PPARgamma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 355: 883\u2013888","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00125-07","volume":"81","author":"G Waris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Waris G et al. (2007) Hepatitis C virus induces proteolytic cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins and stimulates their phosphorylation via oxidative stress. J Virol 81: 8122\u20138130","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.08.032","volume":"125","author":"JM Hui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hui JM et al. (2003) Insulin resistance is associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and fibrosis progression [corrected]. Gastroenterology 125: 1695\u20131704","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.069674","volume":"55","author":"MJ Walsh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Walsh MJ et al. (2006) Non-response to antiviral therapy is associated with obesity and increased hepatic expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS-3) in patients with chronic hepatitis C, viral genotype 1. Gut 55: 529\u2013535","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.056929","volume":"54","author":"B Mundt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mundt B et al. (2005) Tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces hepatic steatosis in viral hepatitis and after alcohol intake. Gut 54: 1590\u20131596","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8226","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.12.8226","volume":"175","author":"SH Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee SH et al. (2005) E2 of hepatitis C virus inhibits apoptosis. J Immunol 175: 8226\u20138235","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.060","volume":"129","author":"DC Rockey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rockey DC (2005) Stellate cell\/HCV interactions in hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology 129: 2117\u20132118","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401163","volume":"10","author":"D Schuppan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schuppan D et al. (2003) Hepatitis C and liver fibrosis. Cell Death Differ 10 (Suppl 1): S59\u2013S67","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20455","volume":"11","author":"S Gawrieh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gawrieh S et al. (2005) Early hepatic stellate cell activation predicts severe hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 11: 1207\u20131213","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20432","volume":"11","author":"MW Russo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Russo MW et al. (2005) Early hepatic stellate cell activation is associated with advanced fibrosis after liver transplantation in recipients with hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 11: 1235\u20131241","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.089","volume":"129","author":"A Schulze-Krebs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schulze-Krebs A et al. (2005) Hepatitis C virus-replicating hepatocytes induce fibrogenic activation of hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology 129: 246\u2013258","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21107","volume":"43","author":"V Purohit","year":"2006","unstructured":"Purohit V and Brenner DA (2006) Mechanisms of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis: a summary of the Ron Thurman Symposium. Hepatology 43: 872\u2013878","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.018","volume":"126","author":"R Bataller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bataller R et al. (2004) Hepatitis C virus core and nonstructural proteins induce fibrogenic effects in hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology 126: 529\u2013540","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11329","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M410161200","volume":"280","author":"A Mazzocca","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mazzocca A et al. (2005) Binding of hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 to CD81 up-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human hepatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem 280: 11329\u201311339","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.171311298","volume":"98","author":"G Gong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gong G et al. (2001) Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein alters intracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3 and NF-kappa B. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 9599\u20139604","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR43","first-page":"4365","volume":"61","author":"K Moriya","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moriya K et al. (2001) Oxidative stress in the absence of inflammation in a mouse model for hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res 61: 4365\u20134370","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2006.08.017","volume":"10","author":"DC Rockey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rockey DC (2006) Hepatic fibrosis, stellate cells, and portal hypertension. Clin Liver Dis 10: 459\u2013479","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.11.011","volume":"26","author":"F Winau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Winau F et al. (2007) Ito cells are liver-resident antigen-presenting cells for activating T cell responses. Immunity 26: 117\u2013129","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2005.12.003","volume":"12","author":"J Hiscott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hiscott J et al. (2006) MasterCARD: a priceless link to innate immunity. Trends Mol Med 12: 53\u201356","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04193","volume":"437","author":"E Meylan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meylan E et al. (2005) Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus. Nature 437: 1167\u20131172","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.08.012","volume":"122","author":"RB Seth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seth RB et al. (2005) Identification and characterization of MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein that activates NF-kappa B and IRF 3. Cell 122: 669\u2013682","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.05.043","volume":"68","author":"NJ Waterhouse","year":"2004","unstructured":"Waterhouse NJ et al. (2004) Cytotoxic lymphocytes; instigators of dramatic target cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 68: 1033\u20131040","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(96)80033-1","volume":"8","author":"D Kagi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kagi D and Hengartner H (1996) Different roles for cytotoxic T cells in the control of infections with cytopathic versus noncytopathic viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 8: 472\u2013477","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.65","volume":"19","author":"LG Guidotti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guidotti LG and Chisari FV (2001) Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 19: 65\u201391","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04079","volume":"436","author":"DG Bowen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bowen DG and Walker CM (2005) Adaptive immune responses in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Nature 436: 946\u2013952","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20454","volume":"40","author":"R Cabrera","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cabrera R et al. (2004) An immunomodulatory role for CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T lymphocytes in hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 40: 1062\u20131071","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7860","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7860-7867.2005","volume":"79","author":"T Boettler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boettler T et al. (2005) T cells with a CD4+CD25+ regulatory phenotype suppress in vitro proliferation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 79: 7860\u20137867","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7852","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7852-7859.2005","volume":"79","author":"SM Rushbrook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rushbrook SM et al. (2005) Regulatory T cells suppress in vitro proliferation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells during persistent hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 79: 7852\u20137859","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030239","volume":"197","author":"NH Shoukry","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shoukry NH et al. (2003) Memory CD8+ T cells are required for protection from persistent hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med 197: 1645\u20131655","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050121","volume":"201","author":"AL Cox","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cox AL et al. (2005) Cellular immune selection with hepatitis C virus persistence in humans. J Exp Med 201: 1741\u20131752","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00109-0","volume":"3","author":"A Bertoletti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bertoletti A and Maini MK (2000) Protection or damage: a dual role for the virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in hepatitis B and C infection? Curr Opin Microbiol 3: 387\u2013392","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041058","volume":"201","author":"S Urbani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Urbani S et al. (2005) Heterologous T cell immunity in severe hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med 201: 675\u2013680","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050220","volume":"201","author":"B Rehermann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rehermann B and Shin EC (2005) Private aspects of heterologous immunity. J Exp Med 201: 667\u2013670","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200009)30:9<2479::AID-IMMU2479>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"30","author":"F Lechner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lechner F et al. (2000) CD8+ T lymphocyte responses are induced during acute hepatitis C virus infection but are not sustained. Eur J Immunol 30: 2479\u20132487","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.10.1395","volume":"194","author":"R Thimme","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thimme R et al. (2001) Determinants of viral clearance and persistence during acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med 194: 1395\u20131406","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.062","volume":"127","author":"R Safadi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Safadi R (2004) Immune stimulation of hepatic fibrogenesis by CD8 cells and attenuation by transgenic interleukin-10 from hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 127: 870\u2013882","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31770","volume":"35","author":"M Frese","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frese M et al. (2002) Interferon-gamma inhibits replication of subgenomic and genomic hepatitis C virus RNAs. Hepatology 35: 694\u2013703","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240402","volume":"24","author":"J Napoli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Napoli J et al. (1996) Progressive liver injury in chronic hepatitis C infection correlates with increased intrahepatic expression of Th1-associated cytokines. Hepatology 24: 759\u2013765","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.2.441","volume":"189","author":"SC Afford","year":"1999","unstructured":"Afford SC et al. (1999) CD40 activation induces apoptosis in cultured human hepatocytes via induction of cell surface fas ligand expression and amplifies fas-mediated hepatocyte death during allograft rejection. J Exp Med 189: 441\u2013446","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90097-S","volume":"11","author":"HG Ljunggren","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ljunggren HG and Karre K (1990) In search of the 'missing self': MHC molecules and NK cell recognition. Immunol Today 11: 237\u2013244","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00935.x","volume":"155","author":"K Karre","year":"1997","unstructured":"Karre K (1997) How to recognize a foreign submarine. Immunol Rev 155: 5\u20139","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115526","volume":"23","author":"LL Lanier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lanier LL (2005) NK cell recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 23: 225\u2013274","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20708","volume":"12","author":"L Golden-Mason","year":"2006","unstructured":"Golden-Mason L and Rosen HR (2006) Natural killer cells: primary target for hepatitis C virus immune evasion strategies? Liver Transpl 12: 363\u2013372","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2002.017416.x","volume":"174","author":"DG Doherty","year":"2000","unstructured":"Doherty DG and O' Farrelly C (2000) Innate and adaptive lymphoid cells in the human liver. Immunol Rev 174: 5\u201320","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.1.267-275.1997","volume":"71","author":"CH Tay","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tay CH and Welsh RM (1997) Distinct organ-dependent mechanisms for the control of murine cytomegalovirus infection by natural killer cells. J Virol 71: 267\u2013275","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.10.1555","volume":"189","author":"LG Guidotti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guidotti LG et al. (1999) Noncytopathic clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from the hepatocyte. J Exp Med 189: 1555\u20131564","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6480","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6480","volume":"164","author":"ZX Liu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Liu ZX et al. (2000) NK cells cause liver injury and facilitate the induction of T cell-mediated immunity to a viral liver infection. J Immunol 164: 6480\u20136486","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.1.123","volume":"172","author":"Y Hayakawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayakawa Y et al. (2004) NK cell TRAIL eliminates immature dendritic cells in vivo and limits dendritic cell vaccination efficacy. J Immunol 172: 123\u2013129","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-04-1294","volume":"104","author":"P Mirandola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mirandola P et al. (2004) Activated human NK and CD8+ T cells express both TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TRAIL receptors but are resistant to TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity. Blood 104: 2418\u20132424","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206139","volume":"22","author":"M Shigeno","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shigeno M et al. (2003) Interferon-alpha sensitizes human hepatoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation and NF-kappa B inactivation. Oncogene 22: 1653\u20131662","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0537fje","volume":"17","author":"B Mundt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mundt B (2003) Involvement of TRAIL and its receptors in viral hepatitis. FASEB J 17: 94\u201396","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01996.x","volume":"130","author":"M Pernollet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pernollet M et al. (2002) Simultaneous evaluation of lymphocyte subpopulations in the liver and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HCV-infected patients: relationship with histological lesions. Clin Exp Immunol 130: 518\u2013525","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00072-7","volume":"37","author":"T Deignan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deignan T et al. (2002) Decrease in hepatic CD56(+) T cells and V alpha 24(+) natural killer T cells in chronic hepatitis C viral infection. J Hepatol 37: 101\u2013108","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018812113732","volume":"42","author":"A Tran","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tran A et al. (1997) Phenotyping of intrahepatic and peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 42: 2495\u20132500","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.12.025","volume":"45","author":"A Melhem","year":"2006","unstructured":"Melhem A et al. (2006) Anti-fibrotic activity of NK cells in experimental liver injury through killing of activated HSC. J Hepatol 45: 60\u201371","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.10.055","volume":"130","author":"S Radaeva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Radaeva S et al. (2006) Natural killer cells ameliorate liver fibrosis by killing activated stellate cells in NKG2D-dependent and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-dependent manners. Gastroenterology 130: 435\u2013452","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21073","volume":"43","author":"C Morishima","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morishima C et al. (2006) Decreased NK cell frequency in chronic hepatitis C does not affect ex vivo cytolytic killing. Hepatology 43: 573\u2013580","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1030","volume":"3","author":"A Hayday","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hayday A and Tigelaar R (2003) Immunoregulation in the tissues by gammadelta T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 3: 233\u2013242","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2004.05.003","volume":"113","author":"T Kenna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kenna T et al. (2004) Distinct subpopulations of gamma delta T cells are present in normal and tumor-bearing human liver. Clin Immunol 113: 56\u201363","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR87","first-page":"115","volume":"10","author":"V Nikolopoulou","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nikolopoulou V et al. (1995) An increased number of circulating gamma\/delta TCR + T cells in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 10: 115\u2013118","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2000.020005357.x","volume":"20","author":"K Yonekura","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yonekura K (2000) Liver-infiltrating CD56 positive T lymphocytes in hepatitis C virus infection. Liver 20: 357\u2013365","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401834","volume":"7","author":"C Agrati","year":"2001","unstructured":"Agrati C et al. (2001) Vdelta1 T lymphocytes expressing a Th1 phenotype are the major gammadelta T cell subset infiltrating the liver of HCV-infected persons. Mol Med 7: 11\u201319","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24269","volume":"33","author":"CT Tseng","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tseng CT et al. (2001) Characterization of liver T-cell receptor gammadelta T cells obtained from individuals chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV): evidence for these T cells playing a role in the liver pathology associated with HCV infections. Hepatology 33: 1312\u20131320","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.7.3101","volume":"153","author":"YX Fu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fu YX et al. (1994) Immune protection and control of inflammatory tissue necrosis by gamma delta T cells. J Immunol 153: 3101\u20133115","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20433","volume":"40","author":"MA Exley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Exley MA and Koziel MJ (2004) To be or not to be NKT: natural killer T cells in the liver. Hepatology 40: 1033\u20131040","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1995.tb00085.x","volume":"147","author":"RS Blumberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Blumberg RS et al. (1995) Structure and function of the CD1 family of MHC-like cell surface proteins. Immunol Rev 147: 5\u201329","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.921","volume":"192","author":"K Kakimi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kakimi K et al. (2000) Natural killer T cell activation inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo. J Exp Med 192: 921\u2013930","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199811)28:11<3448::AID-IMMU3448>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"28","author":"S Nuti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nuti S et al. (1998) Dynamics of intra-hepatic lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C: enrichment for Valpha24+ T cells and rapid elimination of effector cells by apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 28: 3448\u20133455","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"BFncpgasthep0961_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.3.2159","volume":"173","author":"E Durante-Mangoni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Durante-Mangoni E et al. (2004) Hepatic CD1d expression in hepatitis C virus infection and recognition by resident proinflammatory CD1d-reactive T cells. J Immunol 173: 2159\u20132166","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpgasthep0961.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpgasthep0961","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpgasthep0961.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T20:06:25Z","timestamp":1684440385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpgasthep0961"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncpgasthep0961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpgasthep0961","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-4378","1743-4386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-4378","type":"print"},{"value":"1743-4386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}}}