{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T07:06:33Z","timestamp":1781939193180,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,6]],"date-time":"2007-02-06T07:13:32Z","timestamp":1170746012000},"page":"82-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Herpesvirus infections of the nervous system"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Donald H","family":"Gilden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Mahalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall J","family":"Cohrs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.4.857","volume":"171","author":"FD Lakeman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lakeman FD and Whitley RJ (1995) Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. J Infect Dis 171: 857\u2013863","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1086\/339550","volume":"34","author":"AA Weil","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weil AA et al. (2002) Patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis: rethinking an initial negative polymerase chain reaction result. Clin Infect Dis 34: 1154\u20131157","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR3","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields","author":"BF Westmoreland","year":"1987","unstructured":"Westmoreland BF (1987) The EEG in cerebral inflammatory processes. In Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields, edn 2, 259\u2013273 (Eds Niedermeyer E and Lopes da Silva FH) Baltimore\u2013Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR4","first-page":"469","volume":"50","author":"JB Smith","year":"1975","unstructured":"Smith JB et al. (1975) A distinctive clinical EEG profile in herpes simplex encephalitis. Mayo Clin Proc 50: 469\u2013474","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.134.1.7350636","volume":"134","author":"RD Zimmerman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Zimmerman RD et al. (1980) CT in the early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. Am J Radiol 134: 61\u201366","journal-title":"Am J Radiol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.2.179","volume":"37","author":"G Schroth","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schroth G et al. (1987) Early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis by MRI. Neurology 37: 179\u2013183","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4058.306","volume":"178","author":"FO Bastian","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bastian FO et al. (1972) Herpesvirus hominis: isolation from human trigeminal ganglion. Science 178: 306\u2013307","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197303292881303","volume":"288","author":"JR Baringer","year":"1973","unstructured":"Baringer JR and Swoveland P (1973) Recovery of herpes simplex virus from human trigeminal ganglions. N Engl J Med 288: 648\u2013650","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR9","unstructured":"Warren KG et al. (1978) Herpes simplex virus latency in patients with multiple sclerosis, lymphoma and normal humans. IARC Sci Publ 765\u2013768"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR10","first-page":"2244","volume":"43","author":"DE Bustos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bustos DE and Atherton SS (2002) Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 in human ciliary ganglia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43: 2244\u20132249","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310417","volume":"31","author":"R Mahalingam","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mahalingam R et al. (1992) Localization of herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus DNA in human ganglia. Ann Neurol 31: 444\u2013448","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6461","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.10.6461","volume":"78","author":"NW Fraser","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fraser NW et al. (1981) Herpes simplex type 1 DNA in human brain tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 6461\u20136465","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.7.5423-5431.1997","volume":"71","author":"NM Sawtell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sawtell NM (1997) Comprehensive quantification of herpes simplex virus latency at the single-cell level. J Virol 71: 5423\u20135431","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11464","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.24.11464-11471.2000","volume":"74","author":"RJ Cohrs","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cohrs RJ et al. (2000) Analysis of individual human trigeminal ganglia for latent herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus nucleic acids using real-time PCR. J Virol 74: 11464\u201311471","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280490463569","volume":"10","author":"JT Vrabec","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vrabec JT and Alford RL (2004) Quantitative analysis of herpes simplex virus in cranial nerve ganglia. J Neurovirol 10: 216\u2013222","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.55.3.849-852.1985","volume":"55","author":"DL Rock","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rock DL and Fraser NW (1985) Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA contains two copies of the virion DNA joint region. J Virol 55: 849\u2013852","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2434993","volume":"235","author":"JG Stevens","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stevens JG et al. (1987) RNA complementary to a herpesvirus alpha gene mRNA is prominent in latently infected neurons. Science 235: 1056\u20131059","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00201-0","volume":"312","author":"W Kang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kang W et al. (2003) Establishment and maintenance of HSV latent infection is mediated through correct splicing of the LAT primary transcript. Virology 312: 233\u2013244","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(89)90031-4","volume":"7","author":"KM Izumi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Izumi KM et al. (1989) Molecular and biological characterization of a type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) specifically deleted for expression of the latency-associated transcript (LAT). Microb Pathog 7: 121\u2013134","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5457.1500","volume":"287","author":"GC Perng","year":"2000","unstructured":"Perng GC et al. (2000) Virus-induced neuronal apoptosis blocked by the herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript. Science 287: 1500\u20131503","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04836","volume":"442","author":"A Gupta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gupta A et al. (2006) Anti-apoptotic function of a microRNA encoded by the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript. Nature 442: 82\u201385","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1086\/374002","volume":"197","author":"N Bourne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bourne N et al. (2003) Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 glycoprotein D subunit vaccines and protection against genital HSV-1 or HSV-2 disease in guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 197: 542\u2013549","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-1_Part_1-199601010-00005","volume":"124","author":"S Murakami","year":"1996","unstructured":"Murakami S et al. (1996) Bell palsy and herpes simplex virus: identification of viral DNA in endoneurial fluid and muscle. Ann Intern Med 124: 27\u201330","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427213","volume":"84","author":"Y Furuta","year":"1992","unstructured":"Furuta Y et al. (1992) Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 in human geniculate ganglia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 84: 39\u201344","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.6.868","volume":"60","author":"N Gonzales","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gonzales N et al. (2003) Recurrent dermatomal vesicular skin lesions: a clue to diagnosis of herpes simplex virus 2 meningitis. Arch Neurol 60: 868\u2013869","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-5-199409010-00004","volume":"121","author":"DG Tedder","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tedder DG et al. (1994) Herpes simplex virus infection as a cause of benign recurrent lymphocytic meningitis. Ann Intern Med 121: 334\u2013338","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110103251507","volume":"325","author":"LJ Yamamoto","year":"1991","unstructured":"Yamamoto LJ et al. (1991) Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with Mollaret's meningitis. N Engl J Med 325: 1082\u20131085","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197410172911606","volume":"291","author":"JR Baringer","year":"1974","unstructured":"Baringer JR (1974) Recovery of herpes simplex virus from human sacral ganglions. New Engl J Med 291: 828\u2013830","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.6.596","volume":"26","author":"GB Krohel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Krohel GB et al. (1976) Herpes simplex neuropathy. Neurology 26: 596\u2013597","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1974.41.1.0097","volume":"41","author":"HH Morris","year":"1974","unstructured":"Morris HH and Peters BH (1974) Recurrent sciatica associated with herpes simplex: case report. J Neurosurg 41: 97\u201399","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.6.582","volume":"30","author":"AE Miller","year":"1980","unstructured":"Miller AE (1980) Selective decline in cellular immune response to varicella-zoster in the elderly. Neurology 30: 582\u2013587","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051016","volume":"352","author":"MN Oxman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oxman MN et al. (2005) A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 352: 2271\u20132284","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000148484.19070.4D","volume":"65","author":"DH Gilden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gilden DH et al. (2005) VZV vasculopathy and postherpetic neuralgia: progress and perspective on antiviral therapy. Neurology 65: 21\u201325","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.6.1441","volume":"47","author":"DH Gilden","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gilden DH et al. (1996) Varicella zoster virus, a cause of waxing and waning vasculitis: the New England Journal of Medicine case 5-1995 revisited. Neurology 47: 1441\u20131446","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020841","volume":"347","author":"DH Gilden","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gilden DH et al. (2002) Two patients with unusual forms of varicella-zoster virus vasculopathy. N Eng J Med 347: 1500\u20131503","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00153-1","volume":"159","author":"DH Gilden","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gilden DH et al. (1998) The value of cerebrospinal fluid antiviral antibody in the diagnosis of neurologic disease produced by varicella zoster virus. J Neurol Sci 159: 140\u2013144","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(79)80011-3","volume":"8","author":"M Sato","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sato M et al. (1979) Herpes zoster of the maxillary branch of the trigeminus nerve: virological and serological studies. Int J Oral Surg 8: 149\u2013154","journal-title":"Int J Oral Surg"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890210108","volume":"21","author":"A Vonsover","year":"1987","unstructured":"Vonsover A et al. (1987) Detection of varicella-zoster virus in lymphocytes of DNA hybridization. J Med Virol 21: 57\u201366","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00684037","volume":"2","author":"DH Gilden","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gilden DH et al. (1988) Persistence of varicella-zoster virus DNA in blood mononuclear cells of patients with varicella or zoster. Virus Genes 2: 299\u2013305","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289509111018","volume":"1","author":"R Mahalingam","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mahalingam R et al. (1995) Persistence of varicella-zoster virus DNA in elderly patients with postherpetic neuralgia. J Neurovirol 1: 130\u2013133","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78359-8","volume":"351","author":"GC Schott","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schott GC (1998) Triggering of delayed-onset postherpetic neuralgia. Lancet 351: 419\u2013420","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.8.2767","volume":"85","author":"A Vafai","year":"1988","unstructured":"Vafai A et al. (1988) Expression of varicella-zoster virus blood mononuclear cells of patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Proc Natl Acad Sci 85: 2767\u20132770","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350505","volume":"34","author":"DH Gilden","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gilden DH et al. (1994) Zoster sine herpete, a clinical variant. Ann Neurol 34: 530\u2013533","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199812)56:4<359::AID-JMV12>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"56","author":"K Terada","year":"1998","unstructured":"Terada K et al. (1998) Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome or zoster sine herpete. J Med Virol 56: 359\u2013363","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000052999.43687.7B","volume":"60","author":"S Yamada","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamada S et al. (2003) Ipsilateral truncal sensory deficit in a patient with ophthalmic zoster sine herpete. Neurology 60: 1049\u20131050","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00506-4","volume":"2","author":"RF Hevner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hevner RF et al. (2003) An unusual cause of trigeminal distribution pain and tumour. Lancet Neurol 2: 567\u2013571","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390201722","volume":"9","author":"DH Gilden","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gilden DH et al. (2003) Chronic varicella zoster virus ganglionitis\u2014a possible cause of postherpetic neuralgia. J Neurovirol 9: 404\u2013407","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.7.noc60049","volume":"63","author":"D Quan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quan D et al. (2006) Improvement of postherpetic neuralgia after treatment with intravenous acyclovir followed by oral valacyclovir. Arch Neurol 63: 940\u2013952","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.4.619","volume":"165","author":"ME Devlin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Devlin ME et al. (1992) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the elderly contain varicella-zoster virus DNA. J Infect Dis 165: 619\u2013622","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/306478a0","volume":"306","author":"DH Gilden","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gilden DH et al. (1983) Varicella-zoster virus DNA in human sensory ganglia. Nature 306: 478\u2013480","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90736-5","volume":"322","author":"RW Hyman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hyman RW et al. (1983) Varicella-zoster virus RNA in human trigeminal ganglia. Lancet 322: 814\u2013816","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220315","volume":"22","author":"DH Gilden","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gilden DH et al. (1987) Detection of varicella-zoster virus nucleic acid in neurons of normal human thoracic ganglia. Ann Neurol 22: 377\u2013380","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8151","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.12.8151-8154.1995","volume":"69","author":"P Clarke","year":"1995","unstructured":"Clarke P et al. (1995) Configuration of latent varicella-zoster virus DNA. J Virol 69: 8151\u20138154","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403313301304","volume":"330","author":"MJ Wood","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wood MJ et al. (1994) A randomized trial of acyclovir for 7 days or 21 days with and without prednisolone for treatment of acute herpes zoster. N Engl J Med 330: 896\u2013900","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00004","volume":"125","author":"RJ Whitley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Whitley RJ et al. (1996) Acyclovir with and without prednisone for the treatment of herpes zoster: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 125: 376\u2013383","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400316","volume":"40","author":"JL Bennett","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bennett JL et al. (1996) Epstein\u2013Barr virus-associated acute autonomic neuropathy. Ann Neurol 40: 453\u2013455","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf010","volume":"125","author":"A Majid","year":"2002","unstructured":"Majid A et al. (2002) Epstein\u2013Barr virus myeloradiculitis and encephalomyeloradiculitis. Brain 125: 159\u2013165","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890400405","volume":"40","author":"S Imai","year":"1993","unstructured":"Imai S et al. (1993) Epstein\u2013Barr virus genomic sequences and specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid in children with neurologic complications of acute and reactivated EBV infections. J Med Virol 40: 278\u2013284","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199607000-00016","volume":"15","author":"T Lehrnbecher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lehrnbecher T et al. (1996) Activated T lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with Epstein-Barr virus-associated meningoencephalitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15: 631\u2013633","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.1.152","volume":"19","author":"E Baumgarten","year":"1994","unstructured":"Baumgarten E et al. (1994) Life-threatening infectious mononucleosis: is it correlated with virus-induced T cell proliferation? Clin Infect Dis 19: 152\u2013156","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91837-K","volume":"338","author":"EM MacMahon","year":"1991","unstructured":"MacMahon EM et al. (1991) Epstein\u2013Barr virus in AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Lancet 338: 969\u2013973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.00854.x","volume":"5","author":"P Comoli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Comoli P et al. (2005) Treatment of EBV-related post-renal transplant lymphoproliferative disease with a tailored regimen including EBV-specific T cells. Am J Transplant 5: 1415\u20131422","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008173430707","volume":"343","author":"JI Cohen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cohen JI (2000) Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection. N Engl J Med 343: 481\u2013492","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR64","first-page":"2573","volume-title":"Virology","author":"A Rickinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rickinson A and Kieff E (2001) Epstein-Barr virus. In Virology, edn 4, 2573\u20132627 (Eds Knipe D et al.) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050510","volume":"5","author":"M Duchowny","year":"1979","unstructured":"Duchowny M et al. (1979) Cytomegalovirus infection of the adult nervous system. Ann Neurol 5: 458\u2013461","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-196507000-00004","volume":"24","author":"SA Schneck","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schneck SA (1965) Neuropathological features of human organ transplantation. I: probable cytomegalovirus infection. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 24: 415\u2013429","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.7.912","volume":"36","author":"D Eidelberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Eidelberg D et al. (1986) Progressive polyradiculopathy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Neurology 36: 912\u2013916","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR68","first-page":"2629","volume-title":"Virology","author":"ES Mocarski Jr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mocarski ES Jr and Courcelle CT (2001) Cytomegaloviruses and their replication. In Virology, edn 4, 2629\u20132673 (Eds Knipe D et al.) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1086\/367900","volume":"187","author":"L Rasmussen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rasmussen L et al. (2003) Inter- and intragenic variations complicate the molecular epidemiology of human cytomegalovirus. J Infect Dis 187: 809\u2013819","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.31.1.231-239.1979","volume":"31","author":"MF Stinski","year":"1979","unstructured":"Stinski MF et al. (1979) DNA of human cytomegalovirus: size heterogeneity and defectiveness resulting from serial undiluted passage. J Virol 31: 231\u2013239","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00088-4","volume":"25","author":"M Hummel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hummel M and Abecassis MM (2002) A model for reactivation of CMV from latency. J Clin Virol 25 (Suppl 2): S123\u2013S136","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR72","first-page":"123","volume":"34","author":"MK Froberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Froberg MK (2004) CMV escapes! Ann Clin Lab Sci 34: 123\u2013130","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.9.957","volume":"158","author":"RJ Whitley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Whitley RJ et al. (1998) Guidelines for the treatment of cytomegalovirus diseases in patients with AIDS in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. Arch Intern Med 158: 957\u2013969","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR74","first-page":"S105A","volume":"11","author":"S Dewhurst","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dewhurst S (2004) Human herpesvirus type 6 and human herpesvirus type 7 infections of the central nervous system. Herpes 11 (Suppl 2): S105A\u2013S111A","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90983-C","volume":"335","author":"Y Asano","year":"1990","unstructured":"Asano Y et al. (1990) Fatal fulminant hepatitis in an infant with human herpesvirus-6 infection. Lancet 335: 862\u2013863","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20443","volume":"77","author":"M Portolani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Portolani M et al. (2005) Post-mortem diagnosis of encephalitis in a 75-year-old man associated with human herpesvirus-6 variant A. J Med Virol 77: 244\u2013248","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1086\/322642","volume":"33","author":"DM Zerr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zerr DM et al. (2001) Human herpesvirus 6 reactivation and encephalitis in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 33: 763\u2013771","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1251","volume":"50","author":"MS Wainwright","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wainwright MS et al. (2001) Human herpesvirus 6 limbic encephalitis after stem cell transplantation. Ann Neurol 50: 612\u2013619","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-6-1401","volume":"72","author":"K Kondo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kondo K et al. (1991) Latent human herpesvirus 6 infection of human monocytes\/macrophages. J Gen Virol 72: 1401\u20131408","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390241241","volume":"9","author":"H Kong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kong H et al. (2003) Human herpesvirus type 6 indirectly enhances oligodendrocyte cell death. J Neurovirol 9: 539\u2013550","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5584-03.2004","volume":"24","author":"J Dietrich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dietrich J et al. (2004) Infection with an endemic human herpesvirus disrupts critical glial precursor cell properties. J Neurosci 24: 4875\u20134883","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1086\/338044","volume":"34","author":"DM Zerr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zerr DM et al. (2002) Effect of antivirals on human herpesvirus 6 replication in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 34: 309\u2013317","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.2.748","volume":"87","author":"N Frenkel","year":"1990","unstructured":"Frenkel N et al. (1990) Isolation of a new herpesvirus from human CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 748\u2013752","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10135","volume":"67","author":"KN Ward","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ward KN et al. (2002) Neuroinvasion during delayed primary HHV-7 infection in an immunocompetent adult with encephalitis and flaccid paralysis. J Med Virol 67: 538\u2013541","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10414","volume":"70","author":"T Yoshikawa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yoshikawa T et al. (2003) Human herpesvirus 7-associated meningitis and optic neuritis in a patient after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Med Virol 70: 440\u2013443","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.83.2.170","volume":"83","author":"T Yoshikawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yoshikawa T et al. (2000) Invasion by human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 of the central nervous system in patients with neurological signs and symptoms. Arch Dis Child 83: 170\u2013171","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7997879","volume":"266","author":"Y Chang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chang Y et al. (1994) Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 266: 1865\u20131869","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncpneuro0401_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1026","volume":"66","author":"S Montaner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Montaner S et al. (2006) The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor as a therapeutic target for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. Cancer Res 66: 168\u2013174","journal-title":"Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Nature Clinical Practice Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpneuro0401.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpneuro0401","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/ncpneuro0401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpneuro0401.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T19:39:47Z","timestamp":1707593987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncpneuro0401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncpneuro0401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpneuro0401","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-834X","1745-8358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-834X","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-8358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 October 2006","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}