{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:31:04Z","timestamp":1793255464359,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T11:56:50Z","timestamp":1470657410000},"page":"1055-1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["Variation in the glucose transporter gene SLC2A2 is associated with glycemic response to metformin"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"48","author":[{"name":"MetGen Investigators","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4751-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaixin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"DPP Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"ACCORD Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sook Wah","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric L","family":"Seiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nienke","family":"van Leeuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Tavendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Groves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth L","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber A","family":"van der Heijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joline W","family":"Beulens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine E","family":"de Keyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Zaharenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M","family":"Rotroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattijs","family":"Out","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A","family":"Jablonski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Javorsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jozef","family":"\u017didzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert M","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Keoki","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Dujic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2629-4660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Semiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiaki","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan-Chieh","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Tk\u00e1\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriaan","family":"Kooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron H N","family":"van Schaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coen D A","family":"Stehouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Logie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calum","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janis","family":"Klovins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdis","family":"Pirags","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno H","family":"Stricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison A","family":"Motsinger-Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Innocenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen M 't","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rury R","family":"Holman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark I","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique M","family":"Hedderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin N A","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose C","family":"Florez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M","family":"Giacomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewan R","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFng3632_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13270","volume":"510","author":"AK Madiraju","year":"2014","unstructured":"Madiraju, A.K. et al. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature 510, 542\u2013546 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508313330902","volume":"333","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"1995","unstructured":"DeFronzo, R.A. & Goodman, A.M. Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 541\u2013549 (1995).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352, 854\u2013865 (1998).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70050-6","volume":"2","author":"K Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou, K. et al. Heritability of variation in glycaemic response to metformin: a genome-wide complex trait analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2, 481\u2013487 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1367","volume":"63","author":"AC Pawlyk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pawlyk, A.C., Giacomini, K.M., McKeon, C., Shuldiner, A.R. & Florez, J.C. Metformin pharmacogenomics: current status and future directions. Diabetes 63, 2590\u20132599 (2014).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2012.01691.x","volume":"15","author":"I Tk\u00e1\u010d","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tk\u00e1\u010d, I. et al. Pharmacogenomic association between a variant in SLC47A1 gene and therapeutic response to metformin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 15, 189\u2013191 (2013).","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.210","volume":"93","author":"SL Stocker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stocker, S.L. et al. The effect of novel promoter variants in MATE1 and MATE2 on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metformin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 93, 186\u2013194 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0543","volume":"59","author":"KA Jablonski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jablonski, K.A. et al. Common variants in 40 genes assessed for diabetes incidence and response to metformin and lifestyle intervention in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes 59, 2672\u20132681 (2010).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100275","volume":"83","author":"Y Shu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shu, Y. et al. Effect of genetic variation in the organic cation transporter 1, OCT1, on metformin pharmacokinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83, 273\u2013280 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0896","volume":"58","author":"K Zhou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhou, K. et al. Reduced-function SLC22A1 polymorphisms encoding organic cation transporter 1 and glycemic response to metformin: a GoDARTS study. Diabetes 58, 1434\u20131439 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2537-x","volume":"55","author":"N van Leeuwen","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Leeuwen, N. et al. A gene variant near ATM is significantly associated with metformin treatment response in type 2 diabetes: a replication and meta-analysis of five cohorts. Diabetologia 55, 1971\u20131977 (2012).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR12","unstructured":"GoDARTS and UKPDS Diabetes Pharmacogenetics Study Group, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 & MAGIC investigators. Common variants near ATM are associated with glycemic response to metformin in type 2 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 43, 117\u2013120 (2011)."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.176","volume":"87","author":"K Zhou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhou, K. et al. Loss-of-function CYP2C9 variants improve therapeutic response to sulfonylureas in type 2 diabetes: a Go-DARTS study. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 87, 52\u201356 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352, 837\u2013853 (1998).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07019-6"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetes Care 35, 731\u2013737 (2012).","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1299"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 374, 1677\u20131686 (2009).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61457-4"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066224","volume":"355","author":"SE Kahn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kahn, S.E. et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 2427\u20132443 (2006).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2385","volume":"44","author":"RA Scott","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scott, R.A. et al. Large-scale association analyses identify new loci influencing glycemic traits and provide insight into the underlying biological pathways. Nat. Genet. 44, 991\u20131005 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0502","volume":"59","author":"N Soranzo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soranzo, N. et al. Common variants at 10 genomic loci influence hemoglobin AC levels via glycemic and nonglycemic pathways. Diabetes 59, 3229\u20133239 (2010).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR20","unstructured":"GTEx Consortium. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. Science 348, 648\u2013660 (2015)."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005694","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005694","volume":"11","author":"M van de Bunt","year":"2015","unstructured":"van de Bunt, M. et al. Transcript expression data from human islets links regulatory signals from genome-wide association studies for type 2 diabetes and glycemic traits to their downstream effectors. PLoS Genet. 11, e1005694 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.03.001","volume":"144","author":"B Kabakchiev","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kabakchiev, B. & Silverberg, M.S. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis identifies associations between genotype and gene expression in human intestine. Gastroenterology 144, 1488\u2013496 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00849262","volume":"1","author":"F Manz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Manz, F. et al. Fanconi\u2013Bickel syndrome. Pediatr. Nephrol. 1, 509\u2013518 (1987).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR24","first-page":"359","volume":"4","author":"G Fanconi","year":"1949","unstructured":"Fanconi, G. & Bickel, H. Chronic aminoaciduria (amino acid diabetes or nephrotic-glucosuric dwarfism) in glycogen storage and cystine disease. Helv. Paediatr. Acta 4, 359\u2013396 (1949).","journal-title":"Helv. Paediatr. Acta"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11808","volume":"494","author":"RA Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller, R.A. et al. Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP. Nature 494, 256\u2013260 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E794","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00374.2001","volume":"282","author":"M Hosokawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hosokawa, M. & Thorens, B. Glucose release from GLUT2-null hepatocytes: characterization of a major and a minor pathway. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 282, E794\u2013E801 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.10.1643","volume":"49","author":"R Burcelin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Burcelin, R., Dolci, W. & Thorens, B. Glucose sensing by the hepatoportal sensor is GLUT2-dependent: in vivo analysis in GLUT2-null mice. Diabetes 49, 1643\u20131648 (2000).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI65538","volume":"123","author":"P Seyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seyer, P. et al. Hepatic glucose sensing is required to preserve \u03b2 cell glucose competence. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 1662\u20131676 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.12.2063","volume":"49","author":"RS Hundal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hundal, R.S. et al. Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 49, 2063\u20132069 (2000).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3372","volume":"19","author":"MD Fullerton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fullerton, M.D. et al. Single phosphorylation sites in Acc1 and Acc2 regulate lipid homeostasis and the insulin-sensitizing effects of metformin. Nat. Med. 19, 1649\u20131654 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4021","volume":"99","author":"CT Pau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pau, C.T., Keefe, C., Duran, J. & Welt, C.K. Metformin improves glucose effectiveness, not insulin sensitivity: predicting treatment response in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in an open-label, interventional study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 1870\u20131878 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3844-9","volume":"59","author":"LJ McCreight","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCreight, L.J., Bailey, C.J. & Pearson, E.R. Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract. Diabetologia 59, 426\u2013435 (2016).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1740","volume":"60","author":"A Ait-Omar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ait-Omar, A. et al. GLUT2 accumulation in enterocyte apical and intracellular membranes: a study in morbidly obese human subjects and ob\/ob and high fat\u2013fed mice. Diabetes 60, 2598\u20132607 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e3283559b22","volume":"22","author":"L Gong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gong, L., Goswami, S., Giacomini, K.M., Altman, R.B. & Klein, T.E. Metformin pathways: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 22, 820\u2013827 (2012).","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genomics"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.144","volume":"98","author":"CJ Bailey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bailey, C.J. The current drug treatment landscape for diabetes and perspectives for the future. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 98, 170\u2013184 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.115.178616","volume":"200","author":"Y Banda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Banda, Y. et al. Characterizing race\/ethnicity and genetic ancestry for 100,000 subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort. Genetics 200, 1285\u20131295 (2015).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2383","volume":"44","author":"AP Morris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morris, A.P. et al. Large-scale association analysis provides insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 44, 981\u2013990 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.20","volume":"169","author":"A Kooy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kooy, A. et al. Long-term effects of metformin on metabolism and microvascular and macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. 169, 616\u2013625 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","volume":"81","author":"S Purcell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559\u2013575 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1847","volume":"38","author":"AL Price","year":"2006","unstructured":"Price, A.L. et al. Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 38, 904\u2013909 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1727","volume":"33","author":"D Sherifali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sherifali, D., Nerenberg, K., Pullenayegum, E., Cheng, J.E. & Gerstein, H.C. The effect of oral antidiabetic agents on A1C levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 33, 1859\u20131864 (2010).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6068","volume":"5","author":"I Postmus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Postmus, I. et al. Pharmacogenetic meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of LDL cholesterol response to statins. Nat. Commun. 5, 5068 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-288","volume":"11","author":"R M\u00e4gi","year":"2010","unstructured":"M\u00e4gi, R. & Morris, A.P. GWAMA: software for genome-wide association meta-analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 11, 288 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000529","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000529","volume":"5","author":"BN Howie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howie, B.N., Donnelly, P. & Marchini, J. A flexible and accurate genotype imputation method for the next generation of genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000529 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2088","volume":"39","author":"J Marchini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marchini, J., Howie, B., Myers, S., McVean, G. & Donnelly, P. A new multipoint method for genome-wide association studies by imputation of genotypes. Nat. Genet. 39, 906\u2013913 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002078","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002078","volume":"7","author":"F Innocenti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Innocenti, F. et al. Identification, replication, and functional fine-mapping of expression quantitative trait loci in primary human liver tissue. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002078 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2011.44","volume":"13","author":"A Schr\u00f6der","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der, A. et al. Genomics of ADME gene expression: mapping expression quantitative trait loci relevant for absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in human liver. Pharmacogenomics J. 13, 12\u201320 (2013).","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060107","volume":"6","author":"EE Schadt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schadt, E.E. et al. Mapping the genetic architecture of gene expression in human liver. PLoS Biol. 6, e107 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr678","volume":"28","author":"K Xia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xia, K. et al. seeQTL: a searchable database for human eQTLs. Bioinformatics 28, 451\u2013452 (2012).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"BFng3632_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1021\/mp300429e","volume":"10","author":"A Dahlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dahlin, A. et al. Gene expression profiling of transporters in the solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette superfamilies in human eye substructures. Mol. Pharm. 10, 650\u2013663 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"BFng3632_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00501","volume":"12","author":"X Liang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liang, X. et al. Metformin is a substrate and inhibitor of the human thiamine transporter, THTR-2 (SLC19A3). Mol. Pharm. 12, 4301\u20134310 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."}],"container-title":["Nature Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng.3632.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng.3632","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng.3632.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T17:17:50Z","timestamp":1684430270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng.3632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BFng3632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3632","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.726619802.793522438","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1061-4036","1546-1718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4036","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1718","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}