{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:07:09Z","timestamp":1790744829428,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T17:55:47Z","timestamp":1486403747000},"page":"426-432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":361,"title":["Genetic loci associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap with loci for lung function and pulmonary fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"49","author":[{"name":"COPDGene Investigators","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian D","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"ECLIPSE Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"LifeLines Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"SPIROMICS Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"International COPD Genetics Network Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"UK BiLEVE Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"International COPD Genetics Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Lamontagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3067-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohan","family":"Boss\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Shrine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Soler","family":"Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4951-1867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise V","family":"Wain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian P","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria E","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annah B","family":"Wyss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4911-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie J","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari E","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Franceschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7854-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P","family":"Strachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terri H","family":"Beaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E","family":"Hokanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D","family":"Crapo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Castaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci M","family":"Bartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan R","family":"Heckbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce M","family":"Psaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina A","family":"Gharib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Zanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan W","family":"Lammers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthijs","family":"Oudkerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H J","family":"Groen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Locantore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Tal-Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen I","family":"Rennard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Vestbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Timens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D","family":"Par\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne C","family":"Latourelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9e","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George T","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemma B","family":"Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Kyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Mok","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith M","family":"Vonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry J","family":"de Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuguang","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A","family":"Belinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohannes","family":"Tesfaigzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ani","family":"Manichaikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Qun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Graham","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sparrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto A","family":"Litonjua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Bakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amund","family":"Gulsvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3494-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lies","family":"Lahousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy G","family":"Brusselle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno H","family":"Stricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 G","family":"Uitterlinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J","family":"Ampleford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene R","family":"Bleecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prescott G","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandi","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Lomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Joon","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deog Kyeom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Hawrylkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Sliwinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Hardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasha E","family":"Fingerlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirkje S","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"MacNee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3596-7874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin D","family":"Tobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin K","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H Marike","family":"Boezen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4907-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael H","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFng3752_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201204-0596PP","volume":"187","author":"J Vestbo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vestbo, J. et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 187, 347\u2013365 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.500","volume":"42","author":"DB Hancock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hancock, D.B. et al. Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies identify multiple loci associated with pulmonary function. Nat. Genet. 42, 45\u201352 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.501","volume":"42","author":"E Repapi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Repapi, E. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five loci associated with lung function. Nat. Genet. 42, 36\u201344 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.941","volume":"43","author":"M Soler Artigas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soler Artigas, M. et al. Genome-wide association and large-scale follow up identifies 16 new loci influencing lung function. Nat. Genet. 43, 1082\u20131090 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003098","volume":"8","author":"DB Hancock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hancock, D.B. et al. Genome-wide joint meta-analysis of SNP and SNP-by-smoking interaction identifies novel loci for pulmonary function. PLoS Genet. 8, e1003098 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8658","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9658","volume":"6","author":"M Soler Artigas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soler Artigas, M. et al. Sixteen new lung function signals identified through 1000 Genomes Project reference panel imputation. Nat. Commun. 6, 8658 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00283-0","volume":"3","author":"LV Wain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wain, L.V. et al. Novel insights into the genetics of smoking behaviour, lung function, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (UK BiLEVE): a genetic association study in UK Biobank. Lancet Respir. Med. 3, 769\u2013781 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2609","volume":"45","author":"TE Fingerlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fingerlin, T.E. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies multiple susceptibility loci for pulmonary fibrosis. Nat. Genet. 45, 613\u2013620 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-016-0377-2","volume":"17","author":"TE Fingerlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fingerlin, T.E. et al. Genome-wide imputation study identifies novel HLA locus for pulmonary fibrosis and potential role for auto-immunity in fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. BMC Genet. 17, 74 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.01.015","volume":"94","author":"JR Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, J.R. et al. A common 16p11.2 inversion underlies the joint susceptibility to asthma and obesity. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 94, 361\u2013372 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/00365516309051324","volume":"15","author":"C-B Laurell","year":"1963","unstructured":"Laurell, C.-B. & Eriksson, S. The electrophoretic \u03b1-1-globulin pattern of serum in \u03b1-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 15, 132\u2013140 (1963).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.6.623","volume":"11","author":"EK Silverman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Silverman, E.K. et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis of severe, early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitis phenotypes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 623\u2013632 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70002-5","volume":"2","author":"MH Cho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cho, M.H. et al. Risk loci for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a genome-wide association study and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir. Med. 2, 214\u2013225 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2011.558864","volume":"8","author":"EK Silverman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Silverman, E.K. et al. Opportunities and challenges in the genetics of COPD 2010: an International COPD Genetics Conference report. COPD 8, 121\u2013135 (2011).","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61380-4","volume":"370","author":"DM Mannino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mannino, D.M. & Buist, A.S. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet 370, 765\u2013773 (2007).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000421","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000421","volume":"5","author":"SG Pillai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pillai, S.G. et al. A genome-wide association study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): identification of two major susceptibility loci. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000421 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.535","volume":"42","author":"MH Cho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cho, M.H. et al. Variants in FAM13A are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat. Genet. 42, 200\u2013202 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr524","volume":"21","author":"MH Cho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cho, M.H. et al. A genome-wide association study of COPD identifies a susceptibility locus on chromosome 19q13. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21, 947\u2013957 (2012).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-2053OC","volume":"194","author":"BD Hobbs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hobbs, B.D. et al. Exome array analysis identifies a common variant in IL27 associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 194, 48\u201357 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000429","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000429","volume":"5","author":"JB Wilk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilk, J.B. et al. A genome-wide association study of pulmonary function measures in the Framingham Heart Study. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000429 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201202-0366OC","volume":"186","author":"JB Wilk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilk, J.B. et al. Genome-wide association studies identify CHRNA5\/3 and HTR4 in the development of airflow obstruction. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 186, 622\u2013632 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003029","volume":"8","author":"K Hao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hao, K. et al. Lung eQTLs to help reveal the molecular underpinnings of asthma. PLoS Genet. 8, e1003029 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004383","volume":"10","author":"C Giambartolomei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giambartolomei, C. et al. Bayesian test for colocalisation between pairs of genetic association studies using summary statistics. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004383 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1201-1076","volume":"3","author":"V Vasioukhin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vasioukhin, V., Bowers, E., Bauer, C., Degenstein, L. & Fuchs, E. Desmoplakin is essential in epidermal sheet formation. Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 1076\u20131085 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.127845","volume":"126","author":"Y Sato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sato, Y. et al. The novel PAR-1-binding protein MTCL1 has crucial roles in organizing microtubules in polarizing epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 126, 4671\u20134683 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6266","volume":"5","author":"Y Sato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sato, Y. et al. MTCL1 crosslinks and stabilizes non-centrosomal microtubules on the Golgi membrane. Nat. Commun. 5, 5266 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","volume":"347","author":"M Uhl\u00e9n","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uhl\u00e9n, M. et al. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science 347, 1260419 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D930","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr917","volume":"40","author":"LD Ward","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ward, L.D. & Kellis, M. HaploReg: a resource for exploring chromatin states, conservation, and regulatory motif alterations within sets of genetically linked variants. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, D930\u2013D934 (2012).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D877","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1340","volume":"44","author":"LD Ward","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ward, L.D. & Kellis, M. HaploReg v4: systematic mining of putative causal variants, cell types, regulators and target genes for human complex traits and disease. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, D877\u2013D881 (2016).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.025","volume":"36","author":"Y Lei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lei, Y. et al. The mitochondrial proteins NLRX1 and TUFM form a complex that regulates type I interferon and autophagy. Immunity 36, 933\u2013946 (2012).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.23026","volume":"9","author":"Y Lei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lei, Y., Wen, H. & Ting, J.P. The NLR protein, NLRX1, and its partner, TUFM, reduce type I interferon, and enhance autophagy. Autophagy 9, 432\u2013433 2013).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71747","volume":"125","author":"MJ Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang, M.J. et al. Suppression of NLRX1 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 2458\u20132462 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5972","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.100448997","volume":"97","author":"SE Wert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wert, S.E. et al. Increased metalloproteinase activity, oxidant production, and emphysema in surfactant protein D gene-inactivated mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 5972\u20135977 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00156508","volume":"34","author":"DA Lomas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lomas, D.A. et al. Serum surfactant protein D is steroid sensitive and associated with exacerbations of COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 34, 95\u2013102 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0360OC","volume":"44","author":"MG Foreman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Foreman, M.G. et al. Polymorphisms in surfactant protein-D are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 44, 316\u2013322 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201509-1863OC","volume":"193","author":"SK Mathai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mathai, S.K. et al. Desmoplakin variants are associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 193, 1151\u20131160 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3570","volume":"48","author":"JK Pickrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pickrell, J.K. et al. Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits. Nat. Genet. 48, 709\u2013717 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007285","volume":"364","author":"GR Washko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Washko, G.R. et al. Lung volumes and emphysema in smokers with interstitial lung abnormalities. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 897\u2013906 (2011).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-3","volume":"13","author":"M Chilosi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chilosi, M., Poletti, V. & Rossi, A. The pathogenesis of COPD and IPF: distinct horns of the same devil? Respir. Res. 13, 3 (2012).","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78554","volume":"125","author":"SE Stanley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stanley, S.E. et al. Telomerase mutations in smokers with severe emphysema. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 563\u2013570 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.2.474","volume":"124","author":"JB Soriano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Soriano, J.B. et al. The proportional Venn diagram of obstructive lung disease: two approximations from the United States and the United Kingdom. Chest 124, 474\u2013481 (2003).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1001","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1229","volume":"42","author":"D Welter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Welter, D. et al. The NHGRI GWAS Catalog, a curated resource of SNP\u2013trait associations. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, D1001\u2013D1006 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0906312","volume":"363","author":"MF Moffatt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moffatt, M.F. et al. A large-scale, consortium-based genomewide association study of asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 1211\u20131221 (2010).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.573","volume":"42","author":"TE Thorgeirsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thorgeirsson, T.E. et al. Sequence variants at CHRNB3\u2013CHRNA6 and CYP2A6 affect smoking behavior. Nat. Genet. 42, 448\u2013453 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobacco and Genetics Consortium. Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior. Nat. Genet. 42, 441\u2013447 (2010).","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.571"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3404","volume":"47","author":"HK Finucane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Finucane, H.K. et al. Partitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics. Nat. Genet. 47, 1228\u20131235 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","volume":"47","author":"B Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bulik-Sullivan, B. et al. An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Nat. Genet. 47, 1236\u20131241 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351ra107","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf7837","volume":"8","author":"SE Stanley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stanley, S.E. et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the RNA biogenesis factor NAF1 predispose to pulmonary fibrosis\u2013emphysema. Sci. Transl. Med. 8, 351ra107 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.03.008","volume":"96","author":"MA Coram","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coram, M.A. et al. Leveraging multi-ethnic evidence for mapping complex traits in minority populations: an empirical Bayes approach. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 96, 740\u2013752 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2480","volume":"45","author":"P Deloukas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deloukas, P. et al. Large-scale association analysis identifies new risk loci for coronary artery disease. Nat. Genet. 45, 25\u201333 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3097","volume":"46","author":"AR Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wood, A.R. et al. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nat. Genet. 46, 1173\u20131186 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14177","volume":"518","author":"AE Locke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Locke, A.E. et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature 518, 197\u2013206 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14878","volume":"526","author":"HF Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng, H.F. et al. Whole-genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture. Nature 526, 112\u2013117 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0055OC","volume":"45","author":"PJ Castaldi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Castaldi, P.J. et al. The association of genome-wide significant spirometric loci with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 45, 1147\u20131153 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.071","volume":"9","author":"TW Winkler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Winkler, T.W. et al. Quality control and conduct of genome-wide association meta-analyses. Nat. Protoc. 9, 1192\u20131212 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq340","volume":"26","author":"CJ Willer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Willer, C.J., Li, Y. & Abecasis, G.R. METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans. Bioinformatics 26, 2190\u20132191 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.11.011","volume":"88","author":"J Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, J., Lee, S.H., Goddard, M.E. & Visscher, P.M. GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 88, 76\u201382 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2213","volume":"44","author":"J Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Conditional and joint multiple-SNP analysis of GWAS summary statistics identifies additional variants influencing complex traits. Nat. Genet. 44, 369\u2013375 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070220","volume":"8","author":"M Lamontagne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lamontagne, M. et al. Refining susceptibility loci of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with lung eqtls. PLoS One 8, e70220 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-1160","volume":"72","author":"Y Boss\u00e9","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boss\u00e9, Y. et al. Molecular signature of smoking in human lung tissues. Cancer Res. 72, 3753\u20133763 (2012).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205630","volume":"69","author":"M Lamontagne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lamontagne, M. et al. Genetic regulation of gene expression in the lung identifies CST3 and CD22 as potential causal genes for airflow obstruction. Thorax 69, 997\u20131004 (2014).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R25","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2009-10-3-r25","volume":"10","author":"B Langmead","year":"2009","unstructured":"Langmead, B., Trapnell, C., Pop, M. & Salzberg, S.L. Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome. Genome Biol. 10, R25 (2009).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","volume":"81","author":"S Purcell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559\u2013575 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","volume":"4","author":"CC Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, C.C. et al. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience 4, 7 (2015).","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR65","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2016)."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00216013","volume":"44","author":"M Hardin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hardin, M. et al. The clinical and genetic features of COPD\u2013asthma overlap syndrome. Eur. Respir. J. 44, 341\u2013350 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20359","volume":"33","author":"J Wakefield","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wakefield, J. Bayes factors for genome-wide association studies: comparison with P-values. Genet. Epidemiol. 33, 79\u201386 (2009).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20630","volume":"35","author":"AP Morris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morris, A.P. Transethnic meta-analysis of genomewide association studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 35, 809\u2013822 (2011).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.06.007","volume":"97","author":"G Kichaev","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kichaev, G. & Pasaniuc, B. Leveraging functional-annotation data in trans-ethnic fine-mapping studies. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 97, 260\u2013271 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005947","volume":"12","author":"Q Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Powles, R.L., Wang, Q., He, B.J. & Zhao, H. Integrative tissue-specific functional annotations in the human genome provide novel insights on many complex traits and improve signal prioritization in genome wide association studies. PLoS Genet. 12, e1005947 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.05.016","volume":"97","author":"G Trynka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trynka, G. et al. Disentangling the effects of colocalizing genomic annotations to functionally prioritize non-coding variants within complex-trait loci. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 97, 139\u2013152 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu326","volume":"30","author":"K Slowikowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Slowikowski, K., Hu, X. & Raychaudhuri, S. SNPsea: an algorithm to identify cell types, tissues and pathways affected by risk loci. Bioinformatics 30, 2496\u20132497 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3215","volume":"12","author":"M Tas\u015f an","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tas\u015f an, M. et al. Selecting causal genes from genome-wide association studies via functionally coherent subnetworks. Nat. Methods 12, 154\u2013159 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International HapMap Consortium. The International HapMap Project. Nature 426, 789\u2013796 (2003).","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02168"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0148OC","volume":"192","author":"MH Cho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cho, M.H. et al. A genome-wide association study of emphysema and airway quantitative imaging phenotypes. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 192, 559\u2013569 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W90","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq324","volume":"38","author":"K Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Cui, S., Chang, S., Zhang, L. & Wang, J. i-GSEA4GWAS: a web server for identification of pathways\/gene sets associated with traits by applying an improved gene set enrichment analysis to genome-wide association study. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, W90\u2013W95 (2010).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M. & Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 27\u201330 (2000).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BFng3752_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gene Ontology Consortium. Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat. Genet. 25, 25\u201329 (2000).","DOI":"10.1038\/75556"},{"key":"BFng3752_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gene Ontology Consortium. Gene Ontology Consortium: going forward. Nucleic Acids Res. 43, D1049\u2013D1056 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1179"}],"container-title":["Nature Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng.3752.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng.3752","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng.3752.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T21:19:22Z","timestamp":1684444762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng.3752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BFng3752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3752","relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4036","1546-1718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4036","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1718","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"I.P.H. has received grant support from Pfizer. P.J.C. has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline. B.P. serves on the data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) of a clinical trial funded by the manufacturer and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. N.L. and R.T.-S. are shareholders and employees of GlaxoSmithKline. S.I.R. is a current employee and shareholder at AstraZeneca. He has served as a consultant, participated on advisory boards, and received honoraria for speaking or grant support from the American Board of Internal Medicine, Advantage Healthcare, Almirall, the American Thoracic Society, AstraZeneca, Baxter, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, ClearView Healthcare, the Cleveland Clinic, Complete Medical Group, CSL, Dailchi Sankyo, Decision Resources, Forest, Gerson Lehman, Grifols, GroupH, Guidepoint Global, Haymarket, Huron Consulting, Inthought, Johnson & Johnson, Methodist Health System\u2013Dallas, NCI Consulting, Novartis, Pearl, Penn Technology, Pfizer, PlanningShop, PSL FirstWord, Qwessential, Takeda, Theron, and WebMD. W.T. reports fees to the Department, all outside the submitted work, from Pfizer, GSK, Chiesi, Roche Diagnostics\/Ventana, Biotest, Merck Sharp Dohme, Novartis, Lilly Oncology, Boehringer Ingelheim, and grants from Dutch Asthma Fund. J.C.L. is currently an employee of GNS Healthcare. J.B.W. was employed by Pfizer during the time this research was performed. P.B. has received consulting and lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Novartis, and Teva. L.L. has performed consultancy for Boehringer Ingelheim and has received an AstraZeneca Scientific Award and travel support from Novartis, the European Respiratory Society, and the Belgian Respiratory Society. P.G.W. has consulted for Amgen, Sanofi, Novartis, Genentech\/Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Neostem and has had research grants from Pfizer and Genentech. D.L. received grant support, honoraria, and consultancy fees from GlaxoSmithKline for work on the ICGN and ECLIPSE studies and was a member of and chaired the GSK Respiratory Therapy Area Board (2009\u20132015). M.H. is a current employee of AstraZeneca. D.A.S. is serving on the scientific advisory boards of Apellis Pharmaceuticals and Pliant Therapeutics, and is the founder and owner of Eleven P15. The University of Groningen has received money for D.S.P. with regard to a grant for research from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Genentec, GlaxoSmithKline, and Roche. Fees for consultancies were given to the University of Groningen by AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline, Takeda, and TEVA. E.K.S. has received honoraria and consulting fees from Merck, grant support and consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline, and honoraria and travel support from Novartis. M.H.C. has received grant support from GlaxoSmithKline.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}