{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:57:46Z","timestamp":1791601066815,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,3]],"date-time":"2003-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044230400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,3]],"date-time":"2003-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ni889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,25]],"date-time":"2003-02-25T17:00:45Z","timestamp":1046192445000},"page":"225-234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1457,"title":["Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"E. John","family":"Wherry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Teichgr\u00e4ber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd C.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Masopust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Kaech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rustom","family":"Antia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich H.","family":"von Andrian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafi","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFni889_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nri778","volume":"2","author":"SM Kaech","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kaech, S.M., Wherry, E.J. & Ahmed, R. Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 251\u2013262 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/44385","volume":"401","author":"F Sallusto","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sallusto, F., Lenig, D., Forster, R., Lipp, M. & Lanzavecchia, A. Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions. Nature 401, 708\u2013712 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFni889_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058867","volume":"291","author":"D Masopust","year":"2001","unstructured":"Masopust, D., Vezys, V., Marzo, A.L. & Lefrancois, L. Preferential localization of effector memory cells in nonlymphoid tissue. Science 291, 2413\u20132417 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/35065111","volume":"410","author":"RL Reinhardt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reinhardt, R.L., Khoruts, A., Merica, R., Zell, T. & Jenkins, M.K. Visualizing the generation of memory CD4 T cells in the whole body. Nature 410, 101\u2013105 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFni889_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13296","volume":"108","author":"N Manjunath","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manjunath, N. et al. Effector differentiation is not prerequisite for generation of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 871\u2013878 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFni889_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200114005","volume":"108","author":"F Sallusto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sallusto, F. & Lanzavecchia, A. Exploring pathways for memory T cell generation. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 805\u2013806 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFni889_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nri853","volume":"2","author":"SC Jameson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jameson, S.C. Maintaining the norm: T-cell homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 547\u2013556 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80540-3","volume":"8","author":"DH Busch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Busch, D.H., Pilip, I.M., Vijh, S. & Pamer, E.G. Coordinate regulation of complex T cell populations responding to bacterial infection. Immunity 8, 353\u2013362 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFni889_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/87720","volume":"2","author":"SM Kaech","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaech, S.M. & Ahmed, R. Memory CD8+ T cell differentiation: initial antigen encounter triggers a developmental program in naive cells. Nat. Immunol. 2, 415\u2013422 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/369648a0","volume":"369","author":"LL Lau","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lau, L.L., Jamieson, B.D., Somasundaram, T. & Ahmed, R. Cytotoxic T-cell memory without antigen. Nature 369, 648\u2013652 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFni889_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80470-7","volume":"8","author":"K Murali-Krishna","year":"1998","unstructured":"Murali-Krishna, K. et al. Counting antigen-specific CD8 T cells: a reevaluation of bystander activation during viral infection. Immunity 8, 177\u2013187 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFni889_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.7.1241","volume":"191","author":"LE Harrington","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harrington, L.E., Galvan, M., Baum, L.G., Altman, J.D. & Ahmed, R. Differentiating between memory and effector CD8 T cells by altered expression of cell surface O-glycans. J. Exp. Med. 191, 1241\u20131246 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200007)30:7<1823::AID-IMMU1823>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"30","author":"L Tussey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tussey, L., Speller, S., Gallimore, A. & Vessey, R. Functionally distinct CD8+ memory T cell subsets in persistent EBV infection are differentiated by migratory receptor expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 1823\u20131829 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2019","volume":"167","author":"AD Hislop","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hislop, A.D. et al. EBV-specific CD8+ T cell memory: relationships between epitope specificity, cell phenotype, and immediate effector function. J. Immunol. 167, 2019\u20132029 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.7.953","volume":"194","author":"W Weninger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weninger, W., Crowley, M.A., Manjunath, N. & von Andrian, U.H. Migratory properties of naive, effector, and memory CD8(+) T cells. J. Exp. Med. 194, 953\u2013966 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/35065118","volume":"410","author":"P Champagne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Champagne, P. et al. Skewed maturation of memory HIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes. Nature 410, 106\u2013111 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFni889_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.638","volume":"169","author":"H Unsoeld","year":"2002","unstructured":"Unsoeld, H., Krautwald, S., Voehringer, D., Kunzendorf, U. & Pircher, H. Cutting edge: CCR7(+) and CCR7(\u2212) memory T cells do not differ in immediate effector cell function. J. Immunol. 169, 638\u2013641 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00261-8","volume":"16","author":"EJ Kunkel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kunkel, E.J. & Butcher, E.C. Chemokines and the tissue-specific migration of lymphocytes. Immunity 16, 1\u20134 (2002).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFni889_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200109)31:9<2574::AID-IMMU2574>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"31","author":"T Ostler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ostler, T., Hussell, T., Surh, C.D., Openshaw, P. & Ehl, S. Long-term persistence and reactivation of T cell memory in the lung of mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 2574\u20132582 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20012023","volume":"195","author":"SN Mueller","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mueller, S.N., Jones, C.M., Smith, C.M., Heath, W.R. & Carbone, F.R. Rapid cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation occurs in the draining lymph nodes after cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection as a result of early antigen presentation and not the presence of virus. J. Exp. Med. 195, 651\u2013656 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/ni762","volume":"3","author":"CC Norbury","year":"2002","unstructured":"Norbury, C.C., Malide, D., Gibbs, J.S., Bennink, J.R. & Yewdell, J.W. Visualizing priming of virus-specific CD8+ T cells by infected dendritic cells in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 3, 265\u2013271 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5258.54","volume":"272","author":"R Ahmed","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ahmed, R. & Gray, D. Immunological memory and protective immunity: understanding their relation. Science 272, 54\u201360 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062589","volume":"293","author":"DT Fearon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fearon, D.T., Manders, P. & Wagner, S.D. Arrested differentiation, the self-renewing memory lymphocyte, and vaccination. Science 293, 248\u2013250 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5443.1381","volume":"286","author":"SL Swain","year":"1999","unstructured":"Swain, S.L., Hu, H. & Huston, G. Class II-independent generation of CD4 memory T cells from effectors. Science 286, 1381\u20131383 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5443.1377","volume":"286","author":"K Murali-Krishna","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murali-Krishna, K. et al. Persistence of memory CD8 T cells in MHC class I-deficient mice. Science 286, 1377\u20131381 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1947","volume":"272","author":"DF Tough","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tough, D.F., Borrow, P. & Sprent, J. Induction of bystander T cell proliferation by viruses and type I interferon in vivo. Science 272, 1947\u20131950 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2057","volume":"276","author":"C Tanchot","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tanchot, C., Lemonnier, F., Perarnau, B., Freitas, A. & Rocha, B. Differential requirements for survival and proliferation of CD8 naive or memory cells. Science 276, 2057\u20132062 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5466.675","volume":"288","author":"CC Ku","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ku, C.C., Murakami, M., Sakamoto, A., Kappler, J. & Marrack, P. Control of homeostasis of CD8+ memory T cells by opposing cytokines. Science 288, 675\u2013678 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/80868","volume":"1","author":"KS Schluns","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schluns, K.S., Kieper, W.C., Jameson, S.C. & Lefrancois, L. Interleukin-7 mediates the homeostasis of naive and memory CD8 T cells in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 1, 426\u2013432 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00211-9","volume":"13","author":"J Sprent","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sprent, J. & Surh, C.D. Generation and maintenance of memory T cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13, 248\u2013254 (2001).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.10.4827","volume":"168","author":"KS Schluns","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schluns, K.S., Williams, K., Ma, A., Zheng, X.X. & Lefrancois, L. Cutting edge: requirement for IL-15 in the generation of primary and memory antigen-specific CD8 T cells. J. Immunol. 168, 4827\u20134831 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020369","volume":"195","author":"TC Becker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Becker, T.C. et al. Interleukin 15 is required for proliferative renewal of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1541\u20131548 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020067","volume":"195","author":"WC Kieper","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kieper, W.C. et al. Overexpression of interleukin (IL)-7 leads to IL-15-independent generation of memory phenotype CD8+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1533\u20131539 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020066","volume":"195","author":"JT Tan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tan, J.T. et al. Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-7 jointly regulate homeostatic proliferation of memory phenotype CD8+ cells but are not required for memory phenotype CD4+ cells. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1523\u20131532 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020033","volume":"195","author":"AW Goldrath","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goldrath, A.W. et al. Cytokine requirements for acute and basal homeostatic proliferation of naive and memory CD8+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1515\u20131522 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.2.620","volume":"154","author":"E Razvi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Razvi, E., Welsh, R. & McFarland, H. In vivo state of antiviral CTL precursors. J. Immunol. 154, 620\u2013632 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.9.1407","volume":"9","author":"D Hamann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hamann, D. et al. Phenotypic and functional separation of memory and effector human CD8+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 9, 1407\u20131418 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/21208","volume":"399","author":"J Jacob","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jacob, J. & Baltimore, D. Modelling T-cell memory by genetic marking of memory T cells in vivo. Nature 399, 593\u2013597 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFni889_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5408.1745","volume":"283","author":"JT Opferman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Opferman, J.T., Ober, B.T. & Ashton-Rickardt, P.G. Linear differentiation of cytotoxic effectors into memory T lymphocytes. Science 283, 1745\u20131748 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064571","volume":"294","author":"G Lauvau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lauvau, G. et al. Priming of memory but not effector CD8 T cells by a killed bacterial vaccine. Science 294, 1735\u20131739 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFni889_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5538","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.11.5538","volume":"168","author":"H Tomiyama","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tomiyama, H., Matsuda, T. & Takiguchi, M. Differentiation of human CD8(+) T cells from a memory to memory\/effector phenotype. J. Immunol. 168, 5538\u20135550 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5864","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.10.5864","volume":"166","author":"P Wong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wong, P. & Pamer, E.G. Cutting edge: antigen-independent CD8 T cell proliferation. J. Immunol. 166, 5864\u20135868 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/87730","volume":"2","author":"MJ van Stipdonk","year":"2001","unstructured":"van Stipdonk, M.J., Lemmens, E.E. & Schoenberger, S.P. Naive CTLs require a single brief period of antigenic stimulation for clonal expansion and differentiation. Nat. Immunol. 2, 423\u2013429 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01139-X","volume":"111","author":"SM Kaech","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kaech, S.M., Hemby, S., Kersh, E. & Ahmed, R. Molecular and functional profiling of memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Cell 111, 837\u2013851 (2002).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFni889_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.6.2401","volume":"180","author":"LM Bradley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bradley, L.M., Watson, S.R. & Swain, S.L. Entry of naive CD4 T cells into peripheral lymph nodes requires L-selectin. J. Exp. Med. 180, 2401\u20132406 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(94)90076-0","volume":"1","author":"ML Arbones","year":"1994","unstructured":"Arbones, M.L. et al. Lymphocyte homing and leukocyte rolling and migration are impaired in L-selectin-deficient mice. Immunity 1, 247\u2013260 (1994).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFni889_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.2.877","volume":"166","author":"JJ Campbell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Campbell, J.J. et al. CCR7 expression and memory T cell diversity in humans. J. Immunol. 166, 877\u2013884 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.8.987","volume":"193","author":"G Iezzi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Iezzi, G., Scheidegger, D. & Lanzavecchia, A. Migration and function of antigen-primed nonpolarized T lymphocytes in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 193, 987\u2013993 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0402-379","volume":"8","author":"V Appay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Appay, V. et al. Memory CD8+ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections. Nat. Med. 8, 379\u2013385 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5455","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.11.5455","volume":"168","author":"MR Wills","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wills, M.R. et al. Identification of naive or antigen-experienced human CD8(+) T cells by expression of costimulation and chemokine receptors: analysis of the human cytomegalovirus-specific CD8(+) T cell response. J. Immunol. 168, 5455\u20135464 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/362758a0","volume":"362","author":"D Moskophidis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moskophidis, D., Lechner, F., Pircher, H. & Zinkernagel, R.M. Virus persistence in acutely infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells. Nature 362, 758\u2013761 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFni889_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.12.2205","volume":"188","author":"AJ Zajac","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zajac, A.J. et al. Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T cells without effector function. J. Exp. Med. 188, 2205\u20132213 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFni889_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/32588","volume":"392","author":"J Banchereau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Banchereau, J. & Steinman, R.M. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392, 245\u2013252 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFni889_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/ni845","volume":"3","author":"SA Migueles","year":"2002","unstructured":"Migueles, S.A. et al. HIV-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation is coupled to perforin expression and is maintained in nonprogressors. Nat. Immunol. 3, 1061\u20131068 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.7.3329-3337.2002","volume":"76","author":"LE Harrington","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harrington, L.E., van der Most, R.G., Whitton, J.L. & Ahmed, R. Recombinant vaccinia virus-induced T-cell immunity: quantitation of the response to the virus vector and the foreign epitope. J. Virol. 76, 3329\u20133337 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFni889_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00029-7","volume":"13","author":"Y Laouar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Laouar, Y. & Crispe, I.N. Functional flexibility in T cells: independent regulation of CD4+ T cell proliferation and effector function in vivo. Immunity 13, 291\u2013301 (2000).","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Nature Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ni889.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ni889","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ni889.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T04:21:57Z","timestamp":1744345317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ni889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,3]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFni889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni889","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1012300.187768","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1012300.189324","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1012300.185222","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1529-2908","1529-2916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-2908","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2002","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2003","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2003","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}