{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T07:18:23Z","timestamp":1768807103476,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]],"date-time":"2003-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1054425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nn1070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,30]],"date-time":"2003-05-30T18:23:20Z","timestamp":1054319000000},"page":"731-735","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Opsin activation as a cause of congenital night blindness"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Carter","family":"Cornwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel D","family":"Oprian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnn1070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00737-6","volume":"130","author":"TP Dryja","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dryja, T.P. Molecular genetics of Oguchi disease, fundus albipunctatus, and other forms of stationary night blindness: LVII Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 130, 547\u2013563 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.3.880","volume":"92","author":"PA Sieving","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sieving, P.A. et al. Dark-light: model for nightblindness from the human rhodopsin Gly-90\u2192Asp mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 880\u2013884 (1995).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:1<75::AID-HUMU9>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"13","author":"N al-Jandal","year":"1999","unstructured":"al-Jandal, N. et al. A novel mutation within the rhodopsin gene (Thr-94-Ile) causing autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness. Hum. Mutat. 13, 75\u201381 (1999).","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0793-280","volume":"4","author":"TP Dryja","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dryja, T.P., Berson, E.L., Rao, V.R. & Oprian, D.D. Heterozygous missense mutation in the rhodopsin gene as a cause of congenital stationary night blindness. Nat. Genet. 4, 280\u2013283 (1993).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5449","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05449.2001","volume":"21","author":"PA Sieving","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sieving, P.A. et al. Constitutive \u201clight\u201d adaptation in rods from G90D rhodopsin: a mechanism for human congenital nightblindness without rod cell loss. J. Neurosci. 21, 5449\u20135460 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bb.25.060196.001443","volume":"25","author":"VR Rao","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rao, V.R. & Oprian, D.D. Activating mutations of rhodopsin and other G protein-coupled receptors. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 25, 287\u2013314 (1996).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/367639a0","volume":"367","author":"VR Rao","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rao, V.R., Cohen, G.B. & Oprian, D.D. Rhodopsin mutation G90D and a molecular mechanism for congenital night blindness. Nature 367, 639\u2013642 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1021\/bi020613j","volume":"42","author":"AK Gross","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gross, A.K., Rao, V.R. & Oprian, D.D. Characterization of rhodopsin congenital night blindness mutant T94I. Biochemistry 42, 2009\u20132015 (2003).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/366064a0","volume":"366","author":"RB Barlow","year":"1993","unstructured":"Barlow, R.B., Birge, R.R., Kaplan, E. & Tallent, J.R. On the molecular origin of photoreceptor noise. Nature 366, 64\u201366 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4622(94)00145-A","volume":"55","author":"RR Birge","year":"1995","unstructured":"Birge, R.R. & Barlow, R.B. On the molecular origins of thermal noise in vertebrate and invertebrate photoreceptors. Biophys. Chem. 55, 115\u2013126 (1995).","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7536","DOI":"10.1021\/bi960391n","volume":"35","author":"TA Zvyaga","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zvyaga, T.A., Fahmy, K., Siebert, F. & Sakmar, T.P. Characterization of the mutant visual pigment responsible for congenital night blindness: a biochemical and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study. Biochemistry 35, 7536\u20137545 (1996).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.10.3173","volume":"122","author":"KL Kroll","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kroll, K.L. & Amaya, E. Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. Development 122, 3173\u20133183 (1996).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.151.7.1369","volume":"151","author":"BM Tam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tam, B.M., Moritz, O.L., Hurd, L.B. & Papermaster, D.S. Identification of an outer segment targeting signal in the COOH terminus of rhodopsin using transgenic Xenopus laevis. J. Cell Biol. 151, 1369\u20131380 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00368-5","volume":"542","author":"S Jin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jin, S., McKee, T.D. & Oprian, D.D. An improved rhodopsin\/EGFP fusion protein for use in the generation of transgenic Xenopus laevis. FEBS Lett. 542, 142\u2013146 (2003).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.6.3179","volume":"271","author":"S Batni","year":"1996","unstructured":"Batni, S., Scalzetti, L., Moody, S.A. & Knox, B.E. Characterization of the Xenopus rhodopsin gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 3179\u20133186 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00018-0","volume":"423","author":"BE Knox","year":"1998","unstructured":"Knox, B.E., Schlueter, C., Sanger, B.M., Green, C.B. & Besharse, J.C. Transgene expression in Xenopus rods. FEBS Lett. 423, 117\u2013121 (1998).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36557","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101685200","volume":"276","author":"SS Mani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mani, S.S. et al. Xenopus rhodopsin promoter. Identification of immediate upstream sequences necessary for high level, rod-specific transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 36557\u201336565 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010340","volume":"234","author":"DA Baylor","year":"1973","unstructured":"Baylor, D.A. & Hodgkin, A.L. Detection and resolution of visual stimuli by turtle photoreceptors. J. Physiol. 234, 163\u2013198 (1973).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.96.2.345","volume":"96","author":"MC Cornwall","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cornwall, M.C., Fein, A. & MacNichol, E.F. Jr. Cellular mechanisms that underlie bleaching and background adaptation. J. Gen. Physiol. 96, 345\u2013372 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.113.3.491","volume":"113","author":"VJ Kefalov","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kefalov, V.J., Cornwall, M.C. & Crouch, R.K. Occupancy of the chromophore binding site of opsin activates visual transduction in rod photoreceptors. J. Gen. Physiol. 113, 491\u2013503 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28242","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101476200","volume":"276","author":"OL Moritz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moritz, O.L., Tam, B.M., Papermaster, D.S. & Nakayama, T. A functional rhodopsin-green fluorescent protein fusion protein localizes correctly in transgenic Xenopus laevis retinal rods and is expressed in a time-dependent pattern. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 28242\u201328251 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(93)81518-2","volume":"64","author":"G Steinberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Steinberg, G., Ottolenghi, M. & Sheves, M. pKa of the protonated Schiff base of bovine rhodopsin. A study with artificial pigments. Biophys. J. 64, 1499\u20131502 (1993).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.013207","volume":"539","author":"ML Firsov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Firsov, M.L., Donner, K. & Govardovskii, V.I. pH and rate of \u201cdark\u201d events in toad retinal rods: test of a hypothesis on the molecular origin of photoreceptor noise. J. Physiol. 539, 837\u2013846 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)75160-6","volume":"83","author":"AP Sampath","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sampath, A.P. & Baylor, D.A. Molecular mechanism of spontaneous pigment activation in retinal cones. Biophys. J. 83, 184\u2013193 (2002).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR25","first-page":"3276","volume":"40","author":"OL Moritz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moritz, O.L., Tam, B.M., Knox, B.E. & Papermaster, D.S. Fluorescent photoreceptors of transgenic Xenopus laevis imaged in vivo by two microscopy techniques. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40, 3276\u20133280 (1999).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90132-6","volume":"29","author":"RC Sears","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sears, R.C. & Kaplan, M.W. Axial diffusion of retinol in isolated frog rod outer segments following substantial bleaches of visual pigment. Vision Res. 29, 1485\u20131492 (1989).","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012716","volume":"288","author":"DA Baylor","year":"1979","unstructured":"Baylor, D.A., Lamb, T.D. & Yau, K.W. The membrane current of single rod outer segments. J. Physiol. 288, 589\u2013611 (1979).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00249-5","volume":"29","author":"VJ Kefalov","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kefalov, V.J., Crouch, R.K. & Cornwall, M.C. Role of noncovalent binding of 11-cis-retinal to opsin in dark adaptation of rod and cone photoreceptors. Neuron 29, 749\u2013755 (2001).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.66.5.617","volume":"66","author":"J Kleinschmidt","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt, J. & Dowling, J.E. Intracellular recordings from gecko photoreceptors during light and dark adaptation. J. Gen. Physiol. 66, 617\u2013648 (1975).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1021\/bi020611z","volume":"42","author":"G Xie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Xie, G., Gross, A.K. & Oprian, D.D. An opsin mutant with increased thermal stability. Biochemistry 42, 1995\u20132001 (2003).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"BFnn1070_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(00)16726-6","volume":"316","author":"MC Cornwall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cornwall, M.C., Jones, G.J., Kefalov, V.J., Fain, G.L. & Matthews, H.R. Electrophysiological methods for measurement of activation of phototransduction by bleached visual pigment in salamander photoreceptors. Methods Enzymol. 316, 224\u2013252 (2000).","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."}],"container-title":["Nature Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn1070","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn1070.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn1070.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T23:48:27Z","timestamp":1684453707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn1070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnn1070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1097-6256","1546-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6256","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]}}}