{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:10:45Z","timestamp":1791281445313,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,19]],"date-time":"2006-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1163894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nn1800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,19]],"date-time":"2006-11-19T13:40:36Z","timestamp":1163943636000},"page":"1558-1564","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["Dyslexia and the failure to form a perceptual anchor"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Merav","family":"Ahissar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yedida","family":"Lubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Putter-Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Banai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnn1800_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16106-0","volume":"363","author":"JF Demonet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Demonet, J.F., Taylor, M.J. & Chaix, Y. Developmental dyslexia. Lancet 363, 1451\u20131460 (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.05.011","volume":"46","author":"MM Shovmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shovmann, M.M. & Ahissar, M. Isolating the impact of visual perception on dyslexics' reading ability. Vision Res. 46, 3514\u20133525 (2006).","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.10.004","volume":"27","author":"F Ramus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramus, F. Neurobiology of dyslexia: a reinterpretation of the data. Trends Neurosci. 27, 720\u2013726 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9942","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401825101","volume":"101","author":"BA Wright","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wright, B.A. & Zecker, S.G. Learning problems, delayed development, and puberty. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 9942\u20139946 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(80)90139-X","volume":"9","author":"P Tallal","year":"1980","unstructured":"Tallal, P. Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children. Brain Lang. 9, 182\u2013198 (1980).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.12.6832","volume":"97","author":"M Ahissar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ahissar, M., Protopapas, A., Reid, M. & Merzenich, M.M. Auditory processing parallels reading abilities in adults. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6832\u20136837 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s101620010093","volume":"3","author":"S Amitay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Amitay, S., Ahissar, M. & Nelken, I. Auditory processing deficits in reading disabled adults. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 3, 302\u2013320 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1159\/000081282","volume":"9","author":"K Banai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Banai, K. & Ahissar, M. Poor frequency discrimination probes dyslexics with particularly impaired working memory. Audiol. Neurootol. 9, 328\u2013340 (2004).","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10911","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122368599","volume":"99","author":"U Goswami","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goswami, U. et al. Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia: a new hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 10911\u201310916 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0142","volume":"263","author":"KI McAnally","year":"1996","unstructured":"McAnally, K.I. & Stein, J.F. Auditory temporal coding in dyslexia. Proc. Biol. Sci. 263, 961\u2013965 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01801-5","volume":"5","author":"R Hari","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hari, R. & Renvall, H. Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5, 525\u2013532 (2001).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.302","volume":"11","author":"ED Mengler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mengler, E.D., Hogben, J.H., Michie, P. & Bishop, D.V. Poor frequency discrimination is related to oral language disorder in children: a psychoacoustic study. Dyslexia 11, 155\u2013173 (2005).","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200403220-00011","volume":"15","author":"G Ben-Yehudah","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ben-Yehudah, G., Banai, K. & Ahissar, M. Patterns of deficit in auditory temporal processing among dyslexic adults. Neuroreport 15, 627\u2013631 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195783","volume":"64","author":"SJ France","year":"2002","unstructured":"France, S.J. et al. Auditory frequency discrimination in adult developmental dyslexics. Percept. Psychophys. 64, 169\u2013179 (2002).","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00480","volume":"40","author":"SM Heath","year":"1999","unstructured":"Heath, S.M., Hogben, J.H. & Clark, C.D. Auditory temporal processing in disabled readers with and without oral language delay. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 40, 637\u2013647 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR16","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) Administration and Scoring Manual","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) Administration and Scoring Manual (The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas, 1997)."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(87)90175-9","volume":"8","author":"N Raz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Raz, N., Willerman, L. & Yama, M. On sense and senses: intelligence and auditory information processing. Pers. Individ. Dif. 8, 201\u2013210 (1987).","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1423593","volume":"117","author":"IJ Deary","year":"2004","unstructured":"Deary, I.J., Bell, P.J., Bell, A.J., Campbell, M.L. & Fazal, N.D. Sensory discrimination and intelligence: testing Spearman's other hypothesis. Am. J. Psychol. 117, 1\u201318 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.10.003","volume":"7","author":"U Goswami","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goswami, U. Why theories about developmental dyslexia require developmental designs. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 534\u2013540 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.03.006","volume":"88","author":"J Hulslander","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hulslander, J. et al. Sensory processing, reading, IQ, and attention. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 88, 274\u2013295 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj107","volume":"16","author":"K Banai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Banai, K. & Ahissar, M. Auditory processing deficits in dyslexia: task or stimulus related? Cereb. Cortex. 16, 1718\u20131728 (2006).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1058","volume":"4","author":"R Romo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Romo, R. & Salinas, E. Flutter discrimination: neural codes, perception, memory and decision making. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 203\u2013218 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00046-5","volume":"40","author":"M Brosnan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brosnan, M. et al. Executive functioning in adults and children with developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 40, 2144\u20132155 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1076\/0929-7049(200003)6:1;1-B;FT037","volume":"6","author":"T Helland","year":"2000","unstructured":"Helland, T. & Asbjornsen, A. Executive functions in dyslexia. Child Neuropsychol 6, 37\u201348 (2000).","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1993.1027","volume":"56","author":"HL Swanson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Swanson, H.L. Working memory in learning disability subgroups. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 56, 87\u2013114 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1474","volume":"8","author":"AJ Sperling","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sperling, A.J., Lu, Z.L., Manis, F.R. & Seidenberg, M.S. Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in developmental dyslexia. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 862\u2013863 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1512701","volume":"112","author":"DE Hartley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hartley, D.E. & Moore, D.R. Auditory processing efficiency deficits in children with developmental language impairments. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 2962\u20132966 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/041)","volume":"47","author":"GM McArthur","year":"2004","unstructured":"McArthur, G.M. & Bishop, D.V.M. Frequency discrimination deficits in people with specific language impairment: reliability, validity, and linguistic correlates. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 47, 527\u2013541 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2005\/083)","volume":"48","author":"LF Halliday","year":"2005","unstructured":"Halliday, L.F. & Bishop, D.V. Frequency discrimination and literacy skills in children with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 48, 1187\u20131203 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2307\/1417151","volume":"61","author":"J Harris","year":"1948","unstructured":"Harris, J. Discrimination of pitch: suggestions toward method and procedure. Am. J. Psychol. 61, 309\u2013322 (1948).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908981","volume":"29","author":"E K\u00f6nig","year":"1957","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig, E. Effect of time on pitch discrimination thresholds under several psychophysical procedures; Comparison with intensity discrimination thresholds. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 606 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402768","volume":"91","author":"S Mori","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mori, S. & Ward, L.M. Intensity and frequency resolution: masking of absolute identification and fixed and roving discrimination. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 246\u2013255 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428106","volume":"106","author":"S Clement","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clement, S., Demany, L. & Semal, C. Memory for pitch versus memory for loudness. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 2805\u20132811 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR34","volume-title":"Attention and Brain Function","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"1992","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. Attention and Brain Function (L. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1992)."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199904)45:4<495::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"45","author":"T Baldeweg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baldeweg, T., Richardson, A., Watkins, S., Foale, C. & Gruzelier, J. Impaired auditory frequency discrimination in dyslexia detected with mismatch evoked potentials. Ann. Neurol. 45, 495\u2013503 (1999).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10504","volume":"53","author":"H Renvall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Renvall, H. & Hari, R. Diminished auditory mismatch fields in dyslexic adults. Ann. Neurol. 53, 551\u2013557 (2003).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9850","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2373-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"K Banai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Banai, K., Nicol, T., Zecker, S.G. & Kraus, N. Brainstem timing: implications for cortical processing and literacy. J. Neurosci. 25, 9850\u20139857 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200312020-00022","volume":"14","author":"U Maurer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maurer, U., Bucker, K., Brem, S. & Brandeis, D. Altered responses to tone and phoneme mismatch in kindergarteners at familial dyslexia risk. Neuroreport, 14, 2245\u20132250 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuroreport,"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10494","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1227-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"C Haenschel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haenschel, C., Vernon, D.J., Dwivedi, P., Gruzelier, J.H. & Baldeweg, T. Event-related brain potential correlates of human auditory sensory memory-trace formation. J. Neurosci. 25, 10494\u201310501 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.01.002","volume":"117","author":"T Kujala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kujala, T., Lovio, R., Lepist\u00f6, T., Laasonen, M. & N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. Evaluation of multi-attribute auditory discrimination in dyslexia with the mismatch negativity. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 885\u2013893 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.01.010","volume":"10","author":"T Baldeweg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baldeweg, T. Repetition effects to sounds: evidence for predictive coding in the auditory system. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 93\u201394 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.11.006","volume":"10","author":"K Grill-Spector","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grill-Spector, K., Henson, R. & Martin, A. Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus-specific effects. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 14\u201323 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-004-0014-z","volume":"54","author":"AJ Sperling","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sperling, A.J., Lu, Z.L. & Manis, F.R. Slower implicit categorical learning in adult poor readers. Ann. Dyslexia 54, 281\u2013303 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1381","volume":"124","author":"G Ben-Yehudah","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ben-Yehudah, G., Sackett, E., Malchi-Ginzberg, L. & Ahissar, M. Impaired temporal contrast sensitivity in dyslexics is specific to retain-and-compare paradigms. Brain, 124, 1381\u20131395 (2001).","journal-title":"Brain,"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.12.001","volume":"44","author":"G Ben-Yehudah","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ben-Yehudah, G. & Ahissar, M. Sequential spatial frequency discrimination is consistently impaired among adult dyslexics. Vision Res. 44, 1047\u20131063 (2004).","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1032","volume":"6","author":"N Ulanovsky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ulanovsky, N., Las, L. & Nelken, I. Processing of low-probability sounds by cortical neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 391\u2013398 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10440","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1905-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"N Ulanovsky","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ulanovsky, N., Las, L., Farkas, D. & Nelken, I. Multiple time scales of adaptation in auditory cortex neurons. J. Neurosci. 24, 10440\u201310453 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648210","volume":"45","author":"GR Lyon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lyon, G.R. Toward a definition of dyslexia. Ann. Dyslexia 45, 3\u201327 (1995).","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR49","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Symposium on Plasticity of the Central Auditory System and Processing of Complex Acoustic Signals","author":"H Putter-Katz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Putter-Katz, H., Banai, K. & Ahissar, M. Speech perception in noise among learning disabled teenagers. in Symposium on Plasticity of the Central Auditory System and Processing of Complex Acoustic Signals (eds. Syka, J. & Merzenich, M.M.) 251\u2013257 (Springer, New York, 2005)."},{"key":"BFnn1800_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3109\/00206090109073110","volume":"40","author":"WA Dreschler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dreschler, W.A., Verschuure, H., Ludvigsen, C. & Westermann, S. ICRA noises: artificial noise signals with speech-like spectral and temporal properties for hearing instrument assessment. International Collegium for Rehabilitative Audiology. Audiology 40, 148\u2013157 (2001).","journal-title":"Audiology"}],"container-title":["Nature Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn1800.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn1800","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn1800.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T19:58:47Z","timestamp":1684439927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn1800"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnn1800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1800","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1053822.505763","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1097-6256","1546-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6256","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,19]]}}}