{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T17:59:05Z","timestamp":1791655145369,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,18]],"date-time":"2007-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1195344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nn2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,18]],"date-time":"2007-11-18T14:13:05Z","timestamp":1195395185000},"page":"1538-1543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1496,"title":["Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Ajami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jami L","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Tetzlaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio M V","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnn2014_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10049-7","volume":"19","author":"GW Kreutzberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kreutzberg, G.W. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci. 19, 312\u2013318 (1996).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110647","volume":"308","author":"A Nimmerjahn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F. & Helmchen, F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science 308, 1314\u20131318 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1472","volume":"8","author":"D Davalos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davalos, D. et al. ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 752\u2013758 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228413","volume":"98","author":"MB Jensen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jensen, M.B., Gonzalez, B., Castellano, B. & Zimmer, J. Microglial and astroglial reactions to anterograde axonal degeneration: a histochemical and immunocytochemical study of the adult rat fascia dentata after entorhinal perforant path lesions. Exp. Brain Res. 98, 245\u2013260 (1994).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970929)386:3<461::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-#","volume":"386","author":"E Lehrmann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lehrmann, E., Christensen, T., Zimmer, J., Diemer, N.H. & Finsen, B. Microglial and macrophage reactions mark progressive changes and define the penumbra in the rat neocortex and striatum after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Comp. Neurol. 386, 461\u2013476 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.219","volume":"22","author":"F Gonzalez-Scarano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Scarano, F. & Baltuch, G. Microglia as mediators of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 22, 219\u2013240 (1999).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20488","volume":"81","author":"ED Ponomarev","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ponomarev, E.D., Shriver, L.P., Maresz, K. & Dittel, B.N. Microglial cell activation and proliferation precedes the onset of CNS autoimmunity. J. Neurosci. Res. 81, 374\u2013389 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440070114","volume":"7","author":"PL McGeer","year":"1993","unstructured":"McGeer, P.L. et al. Microglia in degenerative neurological disease. Glia 7, 84\u201392 (1993).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2003.11.005","volume":"186","author":"DC Hess","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hess, D.C. et al. Hematopoietic origin of microglial and perivascular cells in brain. Exp. Neurol. 186, 134\u2013144 (2004).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200419205","volume":"113","author":"A Biffi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Biffi, A. et al. Correction of metachromatic leukodystrophy in the mouse model by transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 1118\u20131129 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1517fje","volume":"18","author":"AR Simard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simard, A.R. & Rivest, S. Bone marrow stem cells have the ability to populate the entire central nervous system into fully differentiated parenchymal microglia. FASEB J. 18, 998\u20131000 (2004).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1201-1356","volume":"7","author":"J Priller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Priller, J. et al. Targeting gene-modified hematopoietic cells to the central nervous system: use of green fluorescent protein uncovers microglial engraftment. Nat. Med. 7, 1356\u20131361 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.3.986","volume":"90","author":"DW Kennedy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kennedy, D.W. & Abkowitz, J.L. Kinetics of central nervous system microglial and macrophage engraftment: analysis using a transgenic bone marrow transplantation model. Blood 90, 986\u2013993 (1997).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1198","volume":"66","author":"A Flugel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Flugel, A., Bradl, M., Kreutzberg, G.W. & Graeber, M.B. Transformation of donor-derived bone marrow precursors into host microglia during autoimmune CNS inflammation and during the retrograde response to axotomy. J. Neurosci. Res. 66, 74\u201382 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.9.2737.2737","volume":"83","author":"WJ Krall","year":"1994","unstructured":"Krall, W.J., Challita, P.M., Perlmutter, L.S., Skelton, D.C. & Kohn, D.B. Cells expressing human glucocerebrosidase from a retroviral vector repopulate macrophages and central nervous system microglia after murine bone marrow transplantation. Blood 83, 2737\u20132748 (1994).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306431101","volume":"101","author":"M Asheuer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Asheuer, M. et al. Human CD34+ cells differentiate into microglia and express recombinant therapeutic protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 3557\u20133562 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199205000-00002","volume":"51","author":"WF Hickey","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hickey, W.F., Vass, K. & Lassmann, H. Bone marrow\u2013derived elements in the central nervous system: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural survey of rat chimeras. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 51, 246\u2013256 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3276004","volume":"239","author":"WF Hickey","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hickey, W.F. & Kimura, H. Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow\u2013derived and present antigen in vivo. Science 239, 290\u2013292 (1988).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050030","volume":"201","author":"M Massengale","year":"2005","unstructured":"Massengale, M., Wagers, A.J., Vogel, H. & Weissman, I.L. Hematopoietic cells maintain hematopoietic fates upon entering the brain. J. Exp. Med. 201, 1579\u20131589 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90585-X","volume":"85","author":"MB Graeber","year":"1988","unstructured":"Graeber, M.B., Tetzlaff, W., Streit, W.J. & Kreutzberg, G.W. Microglial cells, but not astrocytes, undergo mitosis following rat facial nerve axotomy. Neurosci. Lett. 85, 317\u2013321 (1988).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20331","volume":"53","author":"JN Solomon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Solomon, J.N. et al. Origin and distribution of bone marrow\u2013derived cells in the central nervous system in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glia 53, 744\u2013753 (2006).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3117","volume":"161","author":"YQ Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li, Y.Q., Chen, P., Jain, V., Reilly, R.M. & Wong, C.S. Early radiation-induced endothelial cell loss and blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown in the rat spinal cord. Radiat. Res. 161, 143\u2013152 (2004).","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1139\/y02-070","volume":"80","author":"M Diserbo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Diserbo, M. et al. Blood-brain barrier permeability after gamma whole-body irradiation: an in vivo microdialysis study. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 80, 670\u2013678 (2002).","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1203","volume":"6","author":"FM Rossi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rossi, F.M. et al. Recruitment of adult thymic progenitors is regulated by P-selectin and its ligand PSGL-1. Nat. Immunol. 6, 626\u2013634 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/ni852","volume":"3","author":"M Merad","year":"2002","unstructured":"Merad, M. et al. Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under steady-state conditions. Nat. Immunol. 3, 1135\u20131141 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00040-0","volume":"57","author":"D Ito","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ito, D. et al. Microglia-specific localization of a novel calcium binding protein, Iba1. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 57, 1\u20139 (1998).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.12.009","volume":"48","author":"R Ladeby","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ladeby, R. et al. Microglial cell population dynamics in the injured adult central nervous system. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 48, 196\u2013206 (2005).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00859-2","volume":"813","author":"MB Graeber","year":"1998","unstructured":"Graeber, M.B. et al. The microglia\/macrophage response in the neonatal rat facial nucleus following axotomy. Brain Res. 813, 241\u2013253 (1998).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.04.010","volume":"188","author":"LT McPhail","year":"2004","unstructured":"McPhail, L.T., Fernandes, K.J., Chan, C.C., Vanderluit, J.L. & Tetzlaff, W. Axonal reinjury reveals the survival and re-expression of regeneration-associated genes in chronically axotomized adult mouse motoneurons. Exp. Neurol. 188, 331\u2013340 (2004).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902680209","volume":"268","author":"WJ Streit","year":"1988","unstructured":"Streit, W.J. & Kreutzberg, G.W. Response of endogenous glial cells to motor neuron degeneration induced by toxic ricin. J. Comp. Neurol. 268, 248\u2013263 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2003.11.004","volume":"44","author":"LB Moran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moran, L.B. & Graeber, M.B. The facial nerve axotomy model. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 44, 154\u2013178 (2004).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00325030","volume":"85","author":"K Blinzinger","year":"1968","unstructured":"Blinzinger, K. & Kreutzberg, G. Displacement of synaptic terminals from regenerating motoneurons by microglial cells. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 85, 145\u2013157 (1968).","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7438","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.16.7438","volume":"88","author":"JD Sedgwick","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sedgwick, J.D. et al. Isolation and direct characterization of resident microglial cells from the normal and inflamed central nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7438\u20137442 (1991).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1038\/nm959","volume":"9","author":"SY Corbel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Corbel, S.Y. et al. Contribution of hematopoietic stem cells to skeletal muscle. Nat. Med. 9, 1528\u20131532 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199807)23:3<249::AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-#","volume":"23","author":"ED Hall","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hall, E.D., Oostveen, J.A. & Gurney, M.E. Relationship of microglial and astrocytic activation to disease onset and progression in a transgenic model of familial ALS. Glia 23, 249\u2013256 (1998).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105313442207","volume":"344","author":"LP Rowland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rowland, L.P. & Shneider, N.A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1688\u20131700 (2001).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/362059a0","volume":"362","author":"DR Rosen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosen, D.R. et al. Mutations in Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362, 59\u201362 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064081","volume":"294","author":"DE Wright","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wright, D.E., Wagers, A.J., Gulati, A.P., Johnson, F.L. & Weissman, I.L. Physiological migration of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Science 294, 1933\u20131936 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-01-0318","volume":"102","author":"JL Abkowitz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abkowitz, J.L., Robinson, A.E., Kale, S., Long, M.W. & Chen, J. Mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells during homeostasis and after cytokine exposure. Blood 102, 1249\u20131253 (2003).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1462","volume":"8","author":"K Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu, K. et al. Origin of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. Nat. Immunol. 8, 578\u2013583 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11753","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2275-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"J Priller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Priller, J. et al. Early and rapid engraftment of bone marrow\u2013derived microglia in scrapie. J. Neurosci. 26, 11753\u201311762 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.6.1604","volume":"148","author":"E Donskoy","year":"1992","unstructured":"Donskoy, E. & Goldschneider, I. Thymocytopoiesis is maintained by blood-borne precursors throughout postnatal life. A study in parabiotic mice. J. Immunol. 148, 1604\u20131612 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/35004599","volume":"404","author":"K Akashi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Akashi, K., Traver, D., Miyamoto, T. & Weissman, I.L. A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages. Nature 404, 193\u2013197 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnn2014_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.02.025","volume":"125","author":"S Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li, S., Wang, X., Klee, C.B. & Krieger, C. Overexpressed mutant G93A superoxide dismutase protects calcineurin from inactivation. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 125, 156\u2013161 (2004).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Nature Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn2014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn2014","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn2014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T20:01:22Z","timestamp":1684440082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nn2014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnn2014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn2014","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1097339.553379","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1097-6256","1546-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6256","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,18]]}}}