{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:22:18Z","timestamp":1788402138985,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature Nanotech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,5]],"date-time":"2008-05-05T06:22:32Z","timestamp":1209968552000},"page":"295-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Improved nanofabrication through guided transient liquefaction"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Stephen Y.","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangfei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1116\/1.1600446","volume":"21","author":"CRK Marrian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marrian, C. R. K. & Tennant, D. M. Nanofabrication. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 21, S207\u2013S215 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR2","unstructured":"International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2006 &lt;\n                    www.itrs.net\/reports.html\n                    \n                  &gt;, Table 77b (2006)."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1109\/55.924844","volume":"22","author":"CH Diaz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diaz, C. H. et al. An experimentally validated analytical model for gate line-edge roughness (LER) effects on technology scaling. IEEE Electron. Dev. Lett. 22, 287\u2013289 (2001).","journal-title":"IEEE Electron. Dev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2003.813457","volume":"50","author":"A Asenov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Asenov, A., Kaya, S. & Brown, A. R. Intrinsic parameter fluctuations in decananometer MOSFETs introduced by gate line edge roughness. IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 50, 1254\u20131260 (2003).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.26.001888","volume":"26","author":"KK Lee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lee, K. K., Lim, D. R., Kimerling, L. C., Shin, J. & Cerrina, F. Fabrication of ultralow-loss Si\/SiO2 waveguides by roughness reduction. Opt. Lett. 26, 1888\u20131890 (2001).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1109\/5.573754","volume":"85","author":"SY Chou","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chou, S. Y. Patterned magnetic nanostructures and quantized magnetic disks. Proc. IEEE 85, 652\u2013671 (1997).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0248(98)01539-5","volume":"201\/202","author":"ZR Wasilewski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wasilewski, Z. R., Fafard, S. & McCaffrey, J. P. Size and shape engineering of vertically stacked self-assembled quantum dots. J. Cryst. Growth 201\/202, 1131\u20131135 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"081108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2535692","volume":"90","author":"W Fang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fang, W., Cao, H. & Solomon, G. S. Control of lasing in fully chaotic open microcavities by tailoring the shape factor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 081108 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1489102","volume":"81","author":"H Cao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cao, H. et al. Fabrication of 10\u00a0nm enclosed nanofluidic channels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 174\u2013176 (2002).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1116\/1.590409","volume":"16","author":"S Mori","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mori, S. et al. Reduction of line edge roughness in the top surface imaging process. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 16, 3739\u20133743 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1116\/1.1609471","volume":"21","author":"ZN Yu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yu, Z. N. et al. Fabrication of nanoscale gratings with reduced line edge roughness using nanoimprint lithography. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 2089\u20132092 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/EDL.1986.26272","volume":"7","author":"DB Tuckerman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tuckerman, D. B. & Weisberg, A. H. Planarization of gold and aluminum thin-films using a pulsed laser. IEEE Electron. Dev. Lett. 7, 1\u20134 (1986).","journal-title":"IEEE Electron. Dev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/EDL.1982.25504","volume":"3","author":"M Delfino","year":"1982","unstructured":"Delfino, M. & Reifsteck, T. A. Laser activated flow of phosphosilicate glass in integrated circuit devices. IEEE Electron. Dev. Lett. 3, 116\u2013118 (1982).","journal-title":"IEEE Electron. Dev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01371","volume":"421","author":"DK Armani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Armani, D. K., Kippenberg, T. J., Spillane, S. M. & Vahala, K. J. Ultra-high-Q toroid microcavity on a chip. Nature 421, 925\u2013928 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1485","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.32.L1485","volume":"32","author":"T Sameshima","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sameshima, T. Self organized grain growth larger than 1\u00a0\u00b5m through pulsed-laser-induced melting of silicon films. Jpn J. Appl. Phys. 32, L1485\u2013L1488 (1993).","journal-title":"Jpn J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00792","volume":"417","author":"SY Chou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chou, S. Y., Keimel, C. & Gu, J. Ultrafast and direct imprint of nanostructures in silicon. Nature 417, 835\u2013837 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1116\/1.1570844","volume":"21","author":"V Constantoudis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Constantoudis, V., Patsis, G. P., Tserepi, A. & Gogolides, E. Quantification of line-edge roughness of photoresists. II. Scaling and fractal analysis and the best roughness descriptors. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 1019\u20131026 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR18","first-page":"451","volume":"A11","author":"SE Orchard","year":"1962","unstructured":"Orchard, S. E. On surface leveling in viscous liquids and gels. Appl. Sci. Res. A11, 451\u2013464 (1962).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1116\/1.590979","volume":"17","author":"SY Chou","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chou, S. Y. & Zhuang, L. Lithographically induced self-assembly of periodic polymer micropillar arrays. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 17, 3197\u20133202 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1063\/1.124579","volume":"75","author":"SY Chou","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chou, S. Y., Zhuang, L. & Guo, L. J. Lithographically induced self-construction of polymer microstructures for resistless patterning. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 1004\u20131006 (1999).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnnfm.2004.09.008","volume":"125","author":"L Wu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wu, L. & Chou, S. Y. Electrohydrodynamic instability of a thin film of viscoelastic polymer underneath a lithographically manufactured mask. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid. Mech. 125, 91\u201399 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Non-Newtonian Fluid. Mech."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1179\/imr.1993.38.4.157","volume":"38","author":"BJ Keene","year":"1993","unstructured":"Keene, B. J. Review of data for the surface tension of pure metals. Int. Mat. Rev. 38, 157\u2013192 (1993).","journal-title":"Int. Mat. Rev."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.91.512","volume":"91","author":"PH Keck","year":"1953","unstructured":"Keck, P. H. & Vanhorn, W. The surface tension of liquid silicon and germanium. Phys. Rev. 91, 512\u2013513 (1953).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/16\/2\/005","volume":"16","author":"RF Brooks","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brooks, R. F., Dinsdale, A. T. & Quested, P. N. The measurement of viscosity of alloys: A review of methods, data and models. Meas. Sci. Technol. 16, 354\u2013362 (2005).","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0248(02)02153-X","volume":"249","author":"Y Sato","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sato, Y. et al. Viscosity of molten silicon and the factors affecting measurement. J. Cryst. Growth 249, 404\u2013415 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0615118","volume":"6","author":"H Gao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gao, H. et al. Air cushion press for excellent uniformity, high yield, and fast nanoimprint across a 100\u00a0mm field. Nano Lett. 6, 2438\u20132441 (2006).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5258.85","volume":"272","author":"SY Chou","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chou, S. Y., Krauss, P. R. & Renstrom, P. J. Imprint lithography with 25-nanometer resolution. Science 272, 85\u201387 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1063\/1.93611","volume":"41","author":"JM Liu","year":"1982","unstructured":"Liu, J. M., Kurz, H. & Bloembergen, N. Picosecond time-resolved plasma and temperature-induced changes of reflectivity and transmission in silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 643\u2013645 (1982).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFnnano200895_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9317(93)90209-N","volume":"20","author":"PG Carey","year":"1993","unstructured":"Carey, P. G., Woratschek, B. J. & Bachmann, F. Progress toward excimer-laser metal planarization and via hole filling using in situ monitoring. Microelectron. Eng. 20, 89\u2013106 (1993).","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.156","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000}}],"container-title":["Nature Nanotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nnano.2008.95.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nnano.2008.95","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nnano.2008.95.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:15:04Z","timestamp":1684455304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nnano.2008.95"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnnano200895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nnano.2008.95","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.156","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1748-3387","1748-3395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-3387","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-3395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Authors have filed patent applications and have assigned rights to Princeton University.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}