{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1791105280776,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Prim Care Resp Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Previous studies have demonstrated an association between obesity and asthma, but there remains considerable uncertainty about whether this reflects an underlying causal relationship.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate the association between obesity and asthma in pre-pubertal children and to investigate the roles of airway obstruction and atopy as possible causal mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted an age- and sex-matched case\u2013control study of 1,264 6- to 8-year-old schoolchildren with and without asthma recruited from 37 randomly selected schools in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and skin fold thickness of the 632 children with asthma were compared with those of the 632 control children without asthma. Associations between obesity and asthma, adjusted for other potential risk factors, were assessed separately in boys and girls using conditional logistic regression analysis. The possible mediating roles of atopy and airway obstruction were studied by investigating the impact of incorporating data on sensitisation to common aeroallergens and measurements of lung function.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>BMI was associated with asthma in boys (odds ratio (OR)=1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08\u20131.20; adjusted OR=1.11, 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.19) and girls (OR=1.37, 95% CI, 1.26\u20131.50; adjusted OR=1.38, 95% CI, 1.23\u20131.56). Adjusting for forced expiratory volume in 1\u2009s had a negligible impact on these associations, but these were attenuated following adjustment for allergic sensitisation, particularly in girls (girls: OR=1.25; 95% CI, 0.96\u20131.60; boys: OR=1.09, 95% CI, 0.99\u20131.19).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>BMI is associated with asthma in pre-pubertal Saudi boys and girls; this effect does not appear to be mediated through respiratory obstruction, but in girls this may at least partially be mediated through increased risk of allergic sensitisation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/npjpcrm.2014.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T10:56:10Z","timestamp":1401965770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Investigating the association between obesity and asthma in 6- to 8-year-old Saudi children: a matched case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Nahhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Bhopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantelle","family":"Anandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Elton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01004.x","volume":"13","author":"A Bereket","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bereket A, Kiess W, Lustig RH, Muller HL, Goldstone AP, Weiss R et al. Hypothalamic obesity in children. Obes Rev 2012; 13: 780\u2013798.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-108","volume":"10","author":"JL Santos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Santos JL, Ho-Urriola JA, Gonzalez A, Smalley SV, Dom\u00ednguez-V\u00e1squez P, Cataldo R et al. Association between eating behavior scores and obesity in Chilean children. Nutr J 2011; 10: 108.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-011-0407-0","volume":"21","author":"N Scopinaro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scopinaro N, Adami GF, Papadia FS, Camerini G, Carlini F, Briatore L et al. The effects of biliopancreatic diversion on type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with mild obesity (BMI 30\u201335kg\/m2) and simple overweight (BMI 25\u201330kg\/m2): a prospective controlled study. Obes Surg 2011; 21: 880\u2013888.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686430","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/686430","volume":"2011","author":"M Badran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Badran M, Laher I . Obesity in Arabic-speaking countries. J Obes 2011; 2011: 686430.","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.40","volume":"307","author":"CL Ogden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM . Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999\u20132010. JAMA 2012; 307: 483\u2013490.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07302-9","volume":"351","author":"Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC","year":"1998","unstructured":"Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Lancet 1998; 351: 1225\u20131232.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x","volume":"65","author":"C Anandan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A . Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Allergy 2010; 65: 152\u2013167.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.066407","volume":"62","author":"HR Anderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderson HR, Gupta R, Strachan DP, Limb ES . 50 years of asthma: UK trends from 1955 to 2004. Thorax 2007; 62: 85\u201390.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802958","volume":"29","author":"P Bustos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bustos P, Amigo H, Oyarzun M, Rona RJ . Is there a causal relation between obesity and asthma? Evidence from Chile. Int J Obes 2005; 29: 804\u2013809.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1999.00516.x","volume":"29","author":"SO Shaheen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shaheen SO . Obesity and asthma: cause for concern? Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 291\u2013293.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR11","first-page":"ii64","volume":"56","author":"KG Tantisira","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tantisira KG, Weiss ST . Complex interactions in complex traits: obesity and asthma. Thorax 2001; 56 (Suppl 2): ii64\u2013ii73.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.21.2582","volume":"159","author":"CA Camargo Jr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Camargo CA Jr, Weiss ST, Zhang S, Willett WC, Speizer FE . Prospective study of body mass index, weight change, and risk of adult-onset asthma in women. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 2582\u20132588.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh303","volume":"160","author":"W Nystad","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nystad W, Meyer HE, Nafstad P, Tverdal A, Engeland A . Body mass index in relation to adult asthma among 135,000 Norwegian men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 969\u2013976.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900500448597","volume":"43","author":"VE Cassol","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cassol VE, Rizzato TM, Teche SP, Basso DF, Centenaro DF, Maldonado M et al. Obesity and its relationship with asthma prevalence and severity in adolescents from southern Brazil. J Asthma 2006; 43: 57\u201360.","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00741.x","volume":"12","author":"RB Noal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Noal RB, Menezes AM, Macedo SE, Dumith SC . Childhood body mass index and risk of asthma in adolescence: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2010; 12: 93\u2013104.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803571","volume":"31","author":"AA Mamun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mamun AA, Lawlor DA, Alati R, O'Callaghan MJ, Williams GM, Najman JM . Increasing body mass index from age 5 to 14 years predicts asthma among adolescents: evidence from a birth cohort study. Int J Obes 2007; 31: 578\u2013583.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517417","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/517417","volume":"2011","author":"N Vangeepuram","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vangeepuram N, Teitelbaum SL, Galvez MP, Brenner B, Doucette J, Wolff MS . Measures of obesity associated with asthma diagnosis in ethnic minority children. J Obes 2011; 2011: 517417.","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-37-1","volume":"37","author":"TZ Kajbaf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kajbaf TZ, Asar S, Alipoor MR . Relationship between obesity and asthma symptoms among children in Ahvaz, Iran: a cross sectional study. Ital J Pediatr 2011; 37: 1.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802700","volume":"28","author":"V Mishra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mishra V . Effect of obesity on asthma among adult Indian women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1048\u20131058.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00151-0","volume":"13","author":"CAJ Camargo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Camargo CAJ, Wentowski C, Field A, Gillman M, Frazier A, Colditz G . Prospective cohort study of body mass index and risk of asthma in children. Ann Epidemiol 2003; 13: 565.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02664.x","volume":"37","author":"PM Matricardi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matricardi PM, Gruber C, Wahn U, Lau S . The asthma-obesity link in childhood: open questions, complex evidence, a few answers only. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 476\u2013484.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR22","first-page":"295","volume":"58","author":"AB Hill","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hill AB . The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 1965; 58: 295\u2013300.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00847.2006","volume":"102","author":"SA Shore","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shore SA . Obesity and asthma: lessons from animal models. J Appl Physiol 2007; 102: 516\u2013528.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.03.004","volume":"121","author":"SA Shore","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shore SA . Obesity and asthma: possible mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 1087\u20131093, quiz 94-5.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.09.016","volume":"116","author":"TS Hallstrand","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hallstrand TS, Fischer ME, Wurfel MM, Afari N, Buchwald D, Goldberg J . Genetic pleiotropy between asthma and obesity in a community-based sample of twins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 1235\u20131241.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200303-403WS","volume":"169","author":"ST Weiss","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weiss ST, Shore S . Obesity and asthma: directions for research. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 963\u2013968.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0605-537","volume":"6","author":"ST Weiss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weiss ST . Obesity: insight into the origins of asthma. Nat Immunol 2005; 6: 537\u2013539.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318201f0c4","volume":"39","author":"A Sood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sood A . Sex differences: implications for the obesity-asthma association. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2011; 39: 48\u201356.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200906-0934OC","volume":"181","author":"A Deesomchok","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deesomchok A, Fisher T, Webb KA, Ora J, Lam YM, Lougheed MD et al. Effects of obesity on perceptual and mechanical responses to bronchoconstriction in asthma. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2010; 181: 125\u2013133.","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036848","volume":"7","author":"M Nahhas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nahhas M, Bhopal R, Anandan C, Elton R, Sheikh A . Prevalence of allergic disorders among primary school-aged children in Madinah, Saudi Arabia: two-stage cross-sectional survey. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e36848.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11839","volume":"117","author":"L Trasande","year":"2009","unstructured":"Trasande L, Cronk C, Durkin M, Weiss M, Schoeller DA, Gall EA et al. Environment and obesity in the National Children\u2019s Study. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117: 159\u2013166.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318184a489","volume":"50","author":"KM Baker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baker KM, Goetzel RZ, Pei X, Weiss AJ, Bowen J, Tabrizi MJ et al. Using a return-on-investment estimation model to evaluate outcomes from an obesity management worksite health promotion program. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 50: 981\u2013990.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR33","first-page":"376","volume":"8","author":"D Sole","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sole D, Vanna AT, Yamada E, Rizzo MC, Naspitz CK . International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) written questionnaire: validation of the asthma component among Brazilian children. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 1998; 8: 376\u2013382.","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.26719\/2010.16.7.710","volume":"16","author":"Y Mohammad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mohammad Y, Tabbah K, Mohammad S, Yassine F, Clayton T, Hassan M . International study of asthma and allergies in childhood: phase 3 in the Syrian Arab Republic. East Mediterr Health J 2010; 16: 710\u2013716.","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01719349","volume":"10","author":"A Bener","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bener A, Abdulrazzaq YM, Debuse P, Al-Mutawwa J . Prevalence of asthma among Emirates school children. Eur J Epidemiol 1994; 10: 271\u2013278.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20331","volume":"41","author":"IA Janahi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Janahi IA, Bener A, Bush A . Prevalence of asthma among Qatari schoolchildren: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, Qatar. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41: 80\u201386.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.1.37","volume":"51","author":"M Stumvoll","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stumvoll M, Tschritter O, Fritsche A, Staiger H, Renn W, Weisser M et al. Association of the T-G polymorphism in adiponectin (exon 2) with obesity and insulin sensitivity: interaction with family history of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002; 51: 37\u201341.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.41.220.613","volume":"41","author":"JM Tanner","year":"1966","unstructured":"Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Takaishi M . Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British children, 1965. II. Arch Dis Child 1966; 41: 613\u2013635.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR39","first-page":"10","volume":"149","author":"M Weiss","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weiss M . Diabetes\u2013renal failure\u2013obesity\u2013osteoporosis. How the thyroid gland controls metabolism. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin 2007; 149: 10\u201312.","journal-title":"MMW Fortschritte der Medizin"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19740060","volume":"32","author":"JV Durnin","year":"1974","unstructured":"Durnin JV, Womersley J . Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 1974; 32: 77\u201397.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.73.4.305","volume":"73","author":"JJ Reilly","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reilly JJ, Wilson J, Durnin JV . Determination of body composition from skinfold thickness: a validation study. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73: 305\u2013310.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0502-3","volume":"167","author":"N Hatipoglu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hatipoglu N, Ozturk A, Mazicioglu MM, Kurtoglu S, Seyhan S, Lokoglu F . Waist circumference percentiles for 7- to 17-year-old Turkish children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 383\u2013389.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034505","volume":"26","author":"MR Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller MR, Crapo R, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R et al. General considerations for lung function testing. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 153\u2013161.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10061205","volume":"10","author":"JL Clausen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Clausen JL, Coates AL, Quanjer PH . Measurement of lung volumes in humans: review and recommendations from an ATS\/ERS workshop. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1205\u20131206.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200605-642ST","volume":"175","author":"N Beydon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beydon N, Davis SD, Lombardi E, Allen JL, Arets HG, Aurora P et al. An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: pulmonary function testing in preschool children. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 1304\u20131345.","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E33","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.e33","volume":"108","author":"SH Arshad","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arshad SH, Tariq SM, Matthews S, Hakim E . Sensitization to common allergens and its association with allergic disorders at age 4 years: a whole population birth cohort study. Pediatrics 2001; 108: E33.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR47","unstructured":"Bryant T . Confidence Interval Analysis (CIA), version 2 edn. BMJ Publishing Group: London, UK."},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.6.2006140","volume":"163","author":"JA Castro-Rodriguez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD . Increased incidence of asthmalike symptoms in girls who become overweight or obese during the school years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1344\u20131349.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-623OC","volume":"171","author":"RJ Hancox","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R, Taylor DR, Greene JM, McLachlan CR et al. Sex differences in the relation between body mass index and asthma and atopy in a birth cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 440\u2013445.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2953","volume":"129","author":"J\u00d6 Magnusson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magnusson J\u00d6, Kull I, Mai XM, Wickman M, Bergstr\u00f6m A . Early childhood overweight and asthma and allergic sensitization at 8 years of age. Pediatrics 2012; 129: 70\u201376.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12084","volume":"24","author":"S Kannan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kannan S, Acosta LM, Acevedo-Garcia D, Divjan A, Bracero LA, Perzanowski MS et al. Sociocultural characteristics, obesity and inflammatory biomarkers in Puerto Rican toddlers born in New York City. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24: 487\u2013492.","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01506.x","volume":"62","author":"LG Hersoug","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hersoug LG, Linneberg A . The link between the epidemics of obesity and allergic diseases: does obesity induce decreaded immune tolerance? Allergy 2007; 62: 1205\u20131213.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2012.642708","volume":"67","author":"TL Guidotti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guidotti TL . Applying the precautionary principle. Arch Environ Occup Health 2012; 67: 63\u201364.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"BFnpjpcrm20144_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.08.042","volume":"150","author":"DS Freedman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH . Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr 2007; 150: 12\u20137 e2.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjpcrm20144.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjpcrm20144","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjpcrm20144.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T04:03:16Z","timestamp":1672977796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjpcrm20144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,27]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnpjpcrm20144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npjpcrm.2014.4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-1010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-1010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2014","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2014","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2014","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"AS is joint Editor-in-Chief of npjPCRM, but was not involved in the editorial review of, nor the decision to publish, this article. None of the other authors report any conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14004"}}