{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:01:29Z","timestamp":1790661689985,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Schizophr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune aberrations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have led to the hypotheses that infectious agents or corresponding immune responses might contribute to psychiatric etiopathogeneses. We investigated case\u2013control differences in exposure to the opportunistic fungal pathogen, <jats:italic>Candida albicans,<\/jats:italic> and examined associations with cognition, medication, lifestyle, and somatic conditions. We quantified <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> IgG antibodies in two cohorts totaling 947 individuals and evaluated odds ratios (OR) of exposure with psychiatric disorder using multivariate regressions. The case\u2013control cohort included 261 with schizophrenia, 270 with bipolar disorder, and 277 non-psychiatric controls; the second included 139 with first-episode schizophrenia, 78 of whom were antipsychotic naive. No differences in <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> exposures were found until diagnostic groups were stratified by sex. In males, <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> seropositivity conferred increased odds for a schizophrenia diagnosis (OR 2.04\u20139.53, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2a7d0.0001). In females, <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> seropositivity conferred increased odds for lower cognitive scores on Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) in schizophrenia (OR 1.12, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2a7d0.004), with significant decreases on memory modules for both disorders (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2a7d0.0007\u20130.03). <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> IgG levels were not impacted by antipsychotic medications. Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances were associated with elevated <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> in males with schizophrenia and females with bipolar disorder (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2a7d0.009\u20130.02). <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> exposure was associated with homelessness in bipolar males (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2a7d0.0015). In conclusion, sex-specific <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> immune responses were evident in psychiatric disorder subsets. Inquiry regarding <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> infection or symptoms may expedite amelioration of this treatable comorbid condition. Yeast exposure as a risk factor for schizophrenia and its associated cognitive and GI effects require further investigation including the possible contribution of gut\u2013brain mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/npjschz.2016.18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T20:03:55Z","timestamp":1462305835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Candida albicans exposures, sex specificity and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Emily G","family":"Severance","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin L","family":"Gressitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine R","family":"Stallings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Katsafanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy A","family":"Schweinfurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina L","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria B","family":"Adamos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M","family":"Sweeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea E","family":"Origoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Khushalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F Markus","family":"Leweke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faith B","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H","family":"Yolken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.010","volume":"75","author":"S Horvath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Horvath, S. & Mirnics, K. Immune system disturbances in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 75, 316\u2013323 (2014).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000356538","volume":"21","author":"N Muller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muller, N. Immunology of schizophrenia. Neuroimmunomodulation 21, 109\u2013116 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","volume":"511","author":"Consortium SWGotPG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Consortium SWGotPG. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 511, 421\u2013427 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.10.026","volume":"136","author":"I Arias","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arias, I. et al. Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 136, 128\u2013136 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.5","volume":"13","author":"RH Yolken","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yolken, R. H. & Torrey, E. F. Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence. Mol. Psychiatry 13, 470\u2013479 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.187","volume":"10","author":"I Knuesel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Knuesel, I. et al. Maternal immune activation and abnormal brain development across CNS disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10, 643\u2013660 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00087.2015","volume":"309","author":"MA Labouesse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Labouesse, M. A., Langhans, W. & Meyer, U. Long-term pathological consequences of prenatal infection: beyond brain disorders. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 309, R1\u2013R12 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.02.025","volume":"138","author":"EG Severance","year":"2012","unstructured":"Severance, E. G. et al. Gastrointestinal inflammation and associated immune activation in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 138, 48\u201353 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12159","volume":"16","author":"EG Severance","year":"2014","unstructured":"Severance, E. G. et al. Seroreactive marker for inflammatory bowel disease and associations with antibodies to dietary proteins in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 16, 230\u2013240 (2014).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000713","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000713","volume":"6","author":"MA Ghannoum","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghannoum, M. A. et al. Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals. PLoS Pathog. 6, e1000713 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3852\/15-147","volume":"107","author":"MJ Suhr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suhr, M. J. & Hallen-Adams, H. E. The human gut mycobiome: pitfalls and potentials-a mycologist's perspective. Mycologia 107, 1057\u20131073 (2015).","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-1064-7","volume":"49","author":"J Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, J. & Sudbery, P. Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen. J. Microbiol. 49, 171\u2013177 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.188","volume":"12","author":"PK Mukherjee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mukherjee, P. K. et al. Mycobiota in gastrointestinal diseases. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12, 77\u201387 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR14","unstructured":"Murphy, K. et al. Janeway's Immunobiology, Eighth edition (Garland Science, 2012)."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR15","volume-title":"RBANS Manual\u2014Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status","author":"C Randolph","year":"1998","unstructured":"Randolph, C. RBANS Manual\u2014Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. (Psychological Corporation, 1998)."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr100","volume":"38","author":"A Demjaha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Demjaha, A., MacCabe, J. H. & Murray, R. M. How genes and environmental factors determine the different neurodevelopmental trajectories of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr. Bull. 38, 209\u2013214 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu069","volume":"40","author":"J van Os","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Os, J. et al. Identifying gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: contemporary challenges for integrated, large-scale investigations. Schizophr. Bull. 40, 729\u2013736 (2014).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0574-0","volume":"17","author":"EG Severance","year":"2015","unstructured":"Severance, E. G., Prandovszky, E., Castiglione, J. & Yolken, R. H. Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: why the gut matters. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 17, 27 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR19","unstructured":"Severance E. G., Yolken R. H . & Eaton W. W . Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling. Schizophr. Res. (2014) (e-pub ahead of print)."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.05.018","volume":"148","author":"EG Severance","year":"2013","unstructured":"Severance, E. G. et al. Discordant patterns of bacterial translocation markers and implications for innate immune imbalances in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 148, 130\u2013137 (2013).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1140","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1140","volume":"3","author":"E Castro-Nallar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castro-Nallar, E. et al. Composition, taxonomy and functional diversity of the oropharynx microbiome in individuals with schizophrenia and controls. PeerJ 3, e1140 (2015).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15015","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15015","volume":"5","author":"D Pisa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pisa, D., Alonso, R., Rabano, A., Rodal, I. & Carrasco, L. Different brain regions are infected with fungi in Alzheimer's disease. Sci. Rep. 5, 15015 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150382","volume":"47","author":"R Alonso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alonso, R., Pisa, D., Rabano, A., Rodal, I. & Carrasco, L. Cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer's Disease patients contains fungal proteins and DNA. J. Alzheimers Dis. 47, 873\u2013876 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.11084","volume":"11","author":"R Alonso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alonso, R. et al. Evidence for fungal infection in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 11, 546\u2013558 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.03.016","volume":"82","author":"BA Semon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Semon, B. A. Dietary cyclic dipeptides, apoptosis and psychiatric disorders: a hypothesis. Med. Hypotheses 82, 740\u2013743 (2014).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.08.029","volume":"79","author":"CJ Burrus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burrus, C. J. A biochemical rationale for the interaction between gastrointestinal yeast and autism. Med. Hypotheses 79, 784\u2013785 (2012).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.93","volume":"19","author":"TG Dinan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dinan, T. G., Borre, Y. E. & Cryan, J. F. Genomics of schizophrenia: time to consider the gut microbiome? Mol. Psychiatry 19, 1252\u20131257 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.09.022","volume":"63","author":"SL Buka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buka, S. L., Cannon, T. D., Torrey, E. F. & Yolken, R. H. Maternal exposure to herpes simplex virus and risk of psychosis among adult offspring. Biol. Psychiatry 63, 809\u2013815 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.2001.0644","volume":"15","author":"SL Buka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Buka, S. L. et al. Maternal cytokine levels during pregnancy and adult psychosis. Brain Behav. Immun. 15, 411\u2013420 (2001).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.07.053","volume":"159","author":"EG Severance","year":"2014","unstructured":"Severance, E. G., Gressitt, K. L., Buka, S. L., Cannon, T. D. & Yolken, R. H. Maternal complement C1q and increased odds for psychosis in adult offspring. Schizophr. Res. 159, 14\u201319 (2014).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.8.774","volume":"61","author":"AS Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown, A. S. et al. Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61, 774\u2013780 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09030361","volume":"167","author":"AS Brown","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brown, A. S. & Derkits, E. J. Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a review of epidemiologic and translational studies. Am. J. Psychiatry 167, 261\u2013280 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10004","volume":"8","author":"AS Brown","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brown, A. S. & Susser, E. S. In utero infection and adult schizophrenia. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 8, 51\u201357 (2002).","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.2478\/s13380-012-0045-6","volume":"3","author":"SE Canetta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Canetta, S. E. & Brown, A. S. Prenatal infection, maternal immune activation, and risk for schizophrenia. Transl. Neurosci. 3, 320\u2013327 (2012).","journal-title":"Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR35","first-page":"125","volume":"42","author":"A Blomstrom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blomstrom, A. et al. Associations between maternal infection during pregnancy, childhood infections, and the risk of subsequent psychotic disorder-A Swedish Cohort Study of nearly 2 million individuals. Schizophr. Bull. 42, 125\u2013133 (2016).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.08.001","volume":"43","author":"AA Markovitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Markovitz, A. A. et al. Toxoplasma gondii and anxiety disorders in a community-based sample. Brain Behav. Immun. 43, 192\u2013197 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.05.019","volume":"158","author":"GM Khandaker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khandaker, G. M., Stochl, J., Zammit, S., Lewis, G. & Jones, P. B. Childhood Epstein-Barr Virus infection and subsequent risk of psychotic experiences in adolescence: a population-based prospective serological study. Schizophr. Res. 158, 19\u201324 (2014).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11030516","volume":"168","author":"ME Benros","year":"2011","unstructured":"Benros, M. E. et al. Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for schizophrenia: a 30-year population-based register study. Am. J. Psychiatry 168, 1303\u20131310 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07050740","volume":"165","author":"C Dalman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dalman, C. et al. Infections in the CNS during childhood and the risk of subsequent psychotic illness: a cohort study of more than one million Swedish subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 59\u201365 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt200","volume":"40","author":"PR Nielsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nielsen, P. R., Benros, M. E. & Mortensen, P. B. Hospital contacts with infection and risk of schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study with linkage of Danish national registers. Schizophr. Bull. 40, 1526\u20131532 (2014).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt195","volume":"40","author":"A Blomstrom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blomstrom, A. et al. Hospital admission with infection during childhood and risk for psychotic illness--a population-based cohort study. Schizophr. Bull. 40, 1518\u20131525 (2014).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.05.023","volume":"139","author":"GM Khandaker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khandaker, G. M., Zimbron, J., Dalman, C., Lewis, G. & Jones, P. B. Childhood infection and adult schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Schizophr. Res. 139, 161\u2013168 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.10.004","volume":"151","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Association between antibodies to multiple infectious and food antigens and new onset schizophrenia among US military personnel. Schizophr. Res. 151, 36\u201342 (2013).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06081254","volume":"165","author":"DW Niebuhr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Niebuhr, D. W. et al. Selected infectious agents and risk of schizophrenia among U.S. military personnel. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 99\u2013106 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm139","volume":"34","author":"DW Niebuhr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Niebuhr, D. W., Millikan, A. M., Yolken, R., Li, Y. & Weber, N. S. Results from a hypothesis generating case-control study: herpes family viruses and schizophrenia among military personnel. Schizophr. Bull. 34, 1182\u20131188 (2008).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR46","unstructured":"APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR, 4th edn (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12281","volume":"17","author":"F Dickerson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dickerson, F. et al. Pentraxin 3 is reduced in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 17, 409\u2013414 (2015).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.10.041","volume":"143","author":"F Dickerson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dickerson, F. et al. C-reactive protein is elevated in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 143, 198\u2013202 (2013).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR49","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders\u2014Non-patient Edition (SCID I\/NP)","author":"MB First","year":"1998","unstructured":"First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M. & Williams, J. B. W. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders\u2014Non-patient Edition (SCID I\/NP). (Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1998)."},{"key":"BFnpjschz201618_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0481-6","volume":"254","author":"FM Leweke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leweke, F. M. et al. Antibodies to infectious agents in individuals with recent onset schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 254, 4\u20138 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["npj Schizophrenia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjschz201618.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjschz201618","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjschz201618.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T12:34:25Z","timestamp":1672835665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjschz201618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnpjschz201618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npjschz.2016.18","relation":{},"ISSN":["2334-265X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2334-265X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2016","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2016","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2016","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"R.H.Y. is a member of the Stanley Medical Research Institute Board of Directors and Scientific Advisory Board. The terms of this arrangement are being managed by the Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16018"}}